ENGINEERING PHYSIOLOGY : bases of human factors engineering/ ergonomics.

Description

A Few Words about the 5th Edition About Models About References We Would Like to Hear From You! Contents 1 Skeletal Structures 1.1 Bones 1.2 Cartilage 1.3 Tendons and Ligaments 1.4 Articulations 1.5 Mobility 1.6 Artificial Joints 1.7 The Hand 1.8 The Spinal Column 1.8.1 The Spinal Disk Glossary References 2 Muscles 2.1 Muscle Architecture 2.1.1 Agonist-Antagonist, Co-contraction 2.1.2 Components of Muscle 2.1.3 Muscle Contraction 2.1.4 Relations Between Muscle Length and Tension 2.1.5 The “Motor Unit” 2.1.5.1 Muscle Twitch 2.2 Muscle Fatigue 2.3 Activities of Entire Muscles 2.3.1 Control of Muscle 2.3.2 Muscle Fiber Types 2.4 Strength of Muscles and Body Segments 2.4.1 Muscle Strength 2.4.2 Internal Transmission of Muscle Strength 2.4.3 Body (Segment) Strength 2.4.4 Exerting Strength with the Hand 2.5 Static and Dynamic Exertions 2.5.1 Static Strength 2.5.2 Dynamic Strength 2.5.2.1 Control of Velocity 2.5.2.2 Control of the Amount of Muscle Tension 2.5.2.3 Concurrent Control of the Amount of Effort and Motion 2.5.2.4 Controlling the Mass upon Which Muscle Acts 2.5.3 Relationships Between Measurements of Static and Dynamic Strength 2.6 Regulation of Strength Exertion 2.6.1 Feedforward 2.6.2 Feedback 2.7 Measuring Muscle Strength 2.7.1 The “Maximal Voluntary Effort” 2.7.2 Measurement Opportunities 2.7.2.1 Measuring via Feedforward 2.7.2.2 Measuring via Feedback 2.7.2.3 Measuring Output 2.8 The Strength Test Protocol 2.9 Designing for Body Strength 2.9.1 Proper Statistical Use of Strength Data 2.9.2 Designing for Hand Strength 2.9.3 Using Tables of Exerted Moments and Forces 2.9.4 Designing for Foot Strength Glossary References 3 Neuromuscular Control 3.1 Organization of the Nervous System 3.1.1 Organization by Function 3.1.2 Organization by Location 3.2 The Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Chord 3.3 Sensors and Effectors of the Peripheral Nervous System 3.3.1 Nervous Pathways of the Peripheral Nervous System 3.4 Transmission of Nerve Signals 3.4.1 The Neuron 3.4.2 Conveyance of Nerve Impulses 3.5 Control of Muscle 3.6 Ergonomic Engineering to Facilitate Control Actions Glossary References 4 Anthromechanics 4.1 Treating the Body as a Mechanical System 4.1.1 Stress and Strain 4.2 Mechanical Bases 4.2.1 Free-Body Diagram 4.2.2 Static Equilibrium 4.2.3 Dynamic Analyses 4.3 Anthropometric Inputs 4.3.1 Links and Joints 4.3.2 Body Volumes 4.4 Inertial Properties 4.4.1 Lean Body Mass 4.4.2 Locating the Center of Mass 4.4.3 Moments of Inertia 4.5 Kinematic Chain Models Glossary References 5 Respiration 5.1 Architecture 5.2 Functions 5.3 Respiratory Volumes 5.4 Measuring Respiration Glossary References 6 Circulation 6.1 Body Fluids 6.1.1 Blood 6.1.1.1 Blood Groups 6.1.1.2 Functions of Blood Components 6.1.2 Lymph 6.2 The Circulatory System of the Blood 6.2.1 Architecture of the Circulatory System 6.3 The Heart as Pump 6.3.1 Cardiac Output 6.4 The Capillary Bed 6.5 Blood Vessels 6.6 Hemodynamics 6.7 Regulation of Circulation 6.8 Measurement Opportunities Glossary References and Further Reading 7 Metabolism 7.1 Human Metabolism and Work 7.2 Energy Liberation in the Body 7.2.1 Energetic Reactions 7.3 Digestion 7.3.1 Energy Content of Nutrients 7.3.2 Digestion of Carbs, Fats, and Proteins 7.3.3 Absorption and Assimilation 7.4 Energy Release 7.4.1 Aerobic Metabolism of Glucose 7.4.2 Aerobic Metabolism of Glucose 7.4.3 Metabolism of Carbohydrate 7.4.4 Metabolism of Fat and Protein 7.5 Energy Storage 7.6 Energy for Muscle Work 7.6.1 The First Few Seconds of Muscular Effort 7.6.2 The First Ten Seconds of Muscular Effort 7.6.3 Effort Lasting Longer Than Ten Seconds 7.6.4 Muscular Work Lasting Minutes to Hours 7.7 Aerobic and Anaerobic Work 7.8 Energy Use and Body Weight Glossary References 8 Work and Exercise 8.1 Capacity for Physical Exercise and Work 8.1.1 Diet and Weight Observation 8.1.2 Direct Calorimetry 8.1.3 Indirect Calorimetry 8.1.3.1 Assessment by Oxygen Consumption 8.1.3.2 Assessment by Heart Rate 8.1.4 Assessment by Subjective Rating of Perceived Effort 8.2 Standardized Tests 8.2.1 Bicycle, Treadmill and Step Tests 8.2.2 Challenges 8.3 Energy Requirements at Work 8.3.1 Procedures to Catalogue Metabolic Requirements 8.3.1.1 Basal Metabolism 8.3.1.2 Resting Metabolism 8.3.1.3 Work Metabolism 8.3.2 Techniques to Estimate Energy Requirements 8.3.2.1 Using Tabulated Data 8.3.2.2 Calculating 8.3.2.3 Light or Heavy Jobs? 8.4 Overall Changes in Body Functions in Response to Work Loads 8.5 Fatigue 8.6 Human Engineering/Ergonomics Appendix A: Techniques of Indirect Calorimetry Appendix B: Rating the Perceived Effort Glossary References 9 Thermal Environment 9.1 The Human Body as a Thermo-Regulated System 9.1.1 The Energy Balance 9.2 Energy Exchanges with the Environment 9.2.1 Conduction Heat Exchange 9.2.2 Convection Heat Exchange 9.2.3 Evaporation Heat Exchange 9.3 Heat Balance 9.4 Regulation and Sensation of Body Temperature 9.4.1 Achieving Thermal Homeostasis 9.5 Measurements of Body Temperatures 9.6 Assessing the Thermal Environment 9.6.1 Ambient Temperature 9.6.2 Air Humidity 9.6.3 Air Movement 9.6.4 Radiant Heat 9.6.5 The Combined Effects of Climate Factors 9.7 Reactions of the Body to Hot Environments 9.7.1 Redistribution of Blood 9.7.2 Reduction of Muscle Activities 9.7.3 Indications of Heat Strain 9.7.4 Acclimatization to Heat 9.8 Reactions of the Body to Cold Environments 9.8.1 Redistribution of Blood 9.8.2 Increased Metabolic Heat Production 9.8.3 How Cold Does It Feel? 9.8.4 Indications of Cold Strain 9.8.5 Acclimatization to Cold 9.9 Working in Heat or Cold 9.9.1 Effects of Heat 9.9.1.1 Cardiovascular Effects 9.9.1.2 Effects on Muscles 9.9.1.3 Dehydration 9.9.1.4 Effects on Mental Performance 9.9.1.5 Working in the Heat: Summary 9.9.2 Effects of Cold 9.9.2.1 Cardiovascular Effects 9.9.2.2 Effects on Body Temperature 9.9.2.3 Effects on Work Capacity 9.9.2.4 Dehydration 9.9.2.5 Effects on Mental Performance and Dexterity 9.9.2.6 Working in the Cold: Summary 9.10 Designing the Thermal Environment Glossary References 10 Body Rhythms and Work Schedules 10.1 Menstrual Cycle 10.2 Circadian Rhythms 10.2.1 Models of Oscillatory Control 10.2.2 Individual Diurnal Performance Rhythms 10.3 Sleep 10.3.1 Sleep Phases 10.3.2 Sleep Loss and Tiredness 10.3.3 Normal Sleep Requirements 10.4 Sleep Deprivation and Prolonged Periods of Work 10.4.1 Performing Tasks 10.4.2 Incurring and Recovering from Performance Decrement 10.5 Shift Work 10.5.1 The Development of Shift Work 10.5.2 Shift Systems 10.5.2.1 Flextime 10.5.2.2 Compressed Workweeks 10.6 Suitable Shift Systems 10.6.1 Health and Well-Being of Shift Workers 10.6.2 Performance of Shift Workers 10.6.3 Social Interactions of Shift Workers 10.7 How to Select a Suitable Work System 10.7.1 Shift Length Glossary References 11 Engineering Anthropometry 11.1 Measurement Techniques 11.1.1 Terminology and Standardization 11.1.2 Classical Measuring Techniques 11.1.3 New Measurement Methods 11.2 Body Typology 11.3 Anthropometric Data Sets 11.3.1 Normality 11.3.2 Variability 11.3.3 Correlations 11.3.4 Body Proportions 11.4 Variability of Anthropometric Data 11.4.1 Data Management 11.4.2 Secular Variations 11.4.3 Intra-individual Variations 11.4.4 Inter-individual Variations 11.4.5 Changing Populations 11.5 Anthropometry of Large Populations 11.5.1 Available Body Size Data 11.6 How to Get Missing Data 11.6.1 Finding Data in the Literature 11.6.2 Conducting an Anthropometric Survey 11.6.3 Statistical Body Models 11.6.4 Deducing Unknown Values from Existing Data 11.6.4.1 Estimation by Ratio Scaling 11.6.4.2 Estimation by Regression Equation 11.6.4.3 Combining Anthropometric Data Sets 11.6.4.4 Two-Sample Composite Population 11.7 Using Anthropometric Data in Design 11.7.1 The “Normative” Adult 11.7.2 Body Positions and Motions at Work 11.8 Designing to Fit the Body 11.8.1 Determining Clothing Size Tariffs 11.8.2 Determining the Workspace of the Hands 11.9 Human-Centered Engineering Glossary References Index