Hybrid Energy Systems for Offshore Applications

Description

There has been a strong need to enhance the utilization of renewable energy systems (RESs) from onshore to offshore applications where oil and gas companies are pivoting to integrate such renewable energy options into their offshore operations to lower their carbon footprint, extend the lifetime of their assets, and expand their market. In this regard, innovative hybrid energy systems, such as "Power to Gas” (P2G) and "Power to Liquid” (P2L) options, as well as novel integration strategies for "Gas to Power” (G2P) systems, offer the opportunity to implement solutions energy transition, paving the way to offshore RES deployment. Hybrid Energy Systems for Offshore Applications delivers a comprehensive presentation of state of the art and perspective developments of offshore RES exploitation strategies and technologies, and provides a unique portfolio of decision-making methodologies supporting the selection of the most suitable options for offshore renewable energy production at a specific site. System modeling and analysis along with the definitions of multicriteria methodologies and strategies based on sustainability, environmental impact, and safety performance indicators are addressed in an integrated fashion. Rounding out with both research and practical applications explained, this book gives academicians and industrial professionals fundamentals and methods for integrated performance analysis of innovative systems addressing offshore RES exploitation, sustainable chemical and power production, better efficiency, lower costs, lower environmental impact, and higher inherent safety. Harmonized presentation of RESs Unique coverage on hybrid energy systems and their offshore applications Comprehensive thermodynamic analysis and evaluation of the developed systems Process and system modeling, analysis, and decision-making methodologies for offshore P2G, P2L, and G2P solutions Sustainability modeling and assessment studies for various offshore applications Distinct parametric studies, illustrations, and case studies Specific sustainability and safety performance indicators for comparative evaluations Front Cover Hybrid Energy Systems for Offshore Applications Copyright Page Contents Preface of the Series Editor Preface Nomenclature Greek letters Subscripts Acronyms 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Sustainability concept 1.1.2 Inherent safety and environmental protection concepts 1.2 Closing remarks 2 Offshore renewable energy options 2.1 Offshore wind energy 2.2 Solar energy 2.3 Wave energy 2.4 Tidal currents energy 2.5 Challenges of offshore renewable energy sources 2.6 Opportunities for exploitation of offshore renewable energy sources 2.7 Closing remarks 3 Innovative hybrid energy options 3.1 General scheme of offshore hybrid energy systems 3.2 Power to hydrogen 3.2.1 Hydrogen production methods 3.2.2 Seawater desalination methods 3.2.3 Gas grid injection end-use 3.2.4 Industry and mobility sectors end-use 3.3 Power to synthetic natural gas 3.3.1 Synthetic natural gas production methods 3.3.2 Carbon dioxide supply methods 3.3.3 Gas grid injection end-use 3.4 Power to methanol 3.4.1 Methanol production methods 3.4.2 Industry and mobility sectors end-use 3.5 Gas to power 3.5.1 Gas turbine technologies 3.5.2 Electrical grid end-use 3.6 Closing remarks 4 System modeling and analysis 4.1 Energy analysis 4.2 Exergy analysis 4.3 Economic analysis 4.3.1 CAPEX and OPEX for electrolysis 4.3.2 CAPEX and OPEX for desalination 4.3.3 CAPEX and OPEX for hydrogen compression 4.3.4 CAPEX and OPEX for H2-enriched natural gas and synthetic natural gas transportation 4.3.5 CAPEX and OPEX for hydrogen and synthetic natural gas transportation 4.3.6 CAPEX and OPEX for hydrogen storage 4.3.7 CAPEX and OPEX for synthetic natural gas production 4.3.8 CAPEX and OPEX for carbon dioxide removal 4.3.9 CAPEX and OPEX for carbon dioxide transportation 4.3.10 CAPEX and OPEX for carbon dioxide compression 4.3.11 CAPEX and OPEX for synthetic natural gas compression 4.3.12 CAPEX and OPEX for methanol production 4.3.13 CAPEX and OPEX for methanol storage 4.3.14 CAPEX and OPEX for methanol transportation 4.4 Exergoeconomic analysis 4.5 Environmental impact analysis 4.6 Inherent safety analysis 4.7 SWOT analysis 4.8 Closing remarks 5 Sustainability index development 5.1 Sustainability assessment methodology for P2G and P2L systems 5.1.1 Generalities 5.1.2 Definition of offshore oil and gas site and renewable energy 5.1.3 Evaluation of alternative strategies and assessment of technology options 5.1.4 Definition of the reference process schemes and of the offshore renewable power plant 5.1.5 Calculation of sustainability performance indicators 5.1.5.1 Technical performance assessment 5.1.5.2 Economic performance assessment 5.1.5.3 Exergoeconomic performance assessment 5.1.5.4 Environmental performance assessment 5.1.5.5 Societal performance assessment 5.1.5.6 Aggregated performance assessment 5.1.6 Calculation of profitability performance indicators 5.1.7 Ranking of alternatives and sensitivity analysis 5.2 Sustainability assessment methodology for G2P systems 5.2.1 Generalities 5.2.2 Definition of offshore oil and gas site and renewable energy 5.2.3 Collection of renewable energy data 5.2.4 Selection of the converter and characterization of the power plant 5.2.4.1 Selection of renewable energy converter 5.2.4.2 Characterization of the renewable power plant 5.2.5 Definition of the dispatching power plan 5.2.6 Definition and management of the gas turbine park 5.2.6.1 Definition of the gas turbine park 5.2.6.2 Management of the gas turbine park 5.2.7 Calculation of sustainability performance indicators 5.2.7.1 Technical performance assessment 5.2.7.2 Economic performance assessment 5.2.7.3 Environmental performance assessment 5.2.7.4 Societal performance assessment 5.2.7.5 Aggregated performance assessment 5.2.8 Ranking of alternatives and sensitivity analysis 5.3 Inherent safety assessment methodology 5.3.1 Generalities 5.3.2 Definition of design options and characterization of targets 5.3.3 Classification of units and identification of release modes 5.3.4 Assignment of credit factors to release modes 5.3.5 Characterization of accident scenarios 5.3.6 Calculation of damage parameters 5.3.7 Calculation of unit inherent safety KPIs 5.3.7.1 Performance assessment for humans 5.3.7.2 Performance assessment for assets 5.3.7.3 Performance assessment for marine environment 5.3.7.4 Multi-target performance assessment 5.3.8 Calculation of facility inherent safety KPIs 5.3.9 Ranking of alternatives and sensitivity analysis 5.4 Integrated assessment methodology 5.4.1 Generalities 5.4.2 Definition of the reference process schemes 5.4.3 Definition of the intensified process flowsheet 5.4.4 Scale-up and preliminary design of equipment units 5.4.5 Calculation of the screening indicators 5.4.6 Ranking of alternatives and sensitivity analysis 5.4.7 Application of detailed site-specific assessments 5.5 Sensitivity analysis techniques 5.6 Closing remarks 6 Case studies 6.1 Case study 1: OWT farm and P2G/P2L offshore hybrid energy systems 6.1.1 Definition of the offshore oil and gas site and evaluation of the options 6.1.2 Definition of the offshore wind turbine farm and reference process schemes 6.1.3 Assumptions made for the sustainability assessment 6.1.4 Assumptions made for the profitability assessment 6.1.5 Sustainability and profitability assessments results 6.1.6 Sensitivity analysis results 6.2 Case study 2: OWT farm and G2P offshore hybrid energy systems 6.2.1 Definition of the offshore oil and gas site and renewable power plant 6.2.2 Definition of the dispatching power plan and sizing of the gas turbine park 6.2.3 Assumptions made for the assessment 6.2.4 Preliminary comparison of the matching of power curves 6.2.5 Sustainability assessment results 6.2.6 Sensitivity analysis results 6.3 Case study 3: Emerging methanol production routes for P2L offshore hybrid energy systems driven by wind and solar energies 6.3.1 Definition of the reference process schemes 6.3.2 Definition of intensified process flowsheets 6.3.2.1 Catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 6.3.3 Electrochemical reduction of CO2 6.3.4 Homogeneous radical gas-phase reaction 6.3.5 Low-temperature heterogeneous catalysis 6.3.6 Homogeneous catalysis in solution 6.3.7 Membrane-based biocatalysis 6.3.8 Plasma technology 6.3.9 Photocatalysis 6.3.10 Supercritical water oxidation technology 6.3.11 Fuel cells technology 6.3.12 Electrosynthesis 6.3.13 Screening of intensified flowsheets 6.3.14 Sustainability assessment results 6.3.15 Sensitivity analysis results 6.3.16 Detailed site-specific assessment results 6.3.16.1 Exergy analysis results 6.3.16.2 Exergoeconomics analysis results 6.3.16.3 Sensitivity analysis results 6.4 Closing remarks 7 Conclusions and future directions 7.1 Conclusions 7.2 Future directions Bibliography References Index Back Cover