Baalbek-Heliopolis, the Bekaa, and Berytus from 100 BCE to 400 CE: A Landscape Transformed

Description

"The aim of this monograph is to understand the extent to which the landscape of Roman Berytus and the Bekaa valley is a product of colonial transformation following the foundation of Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus in 15 BCE. The book explores the changes observed in the cities of Berytus and Heliopolis, as well as the sites at Deir el-Qalaa, Niha, and Hosn Niha. The work fundamentally challenges the traditional paradigm, where Baalbek-Heliopolis is seen as a religious site dating from as early as the Bronze Age and associated with the worship of a Semitic or Phoenician deity triad and replaces it with a new perspective where religious activity is largely a product of colonial change"-- ‎Contents ‎Acknowledgements ‎Figures and Tables ‎Figures ‎Tables ‎Chapter 1. Introduction ‎1.1. The Aims of This Monograph ‎1.2. Objectives ‎1.3. Chronological and Geographical Range ‎1.4. Topography and Geographical Setting ‎1.5. Structure of the Monograph ‎Chapter 2. Sources, Historiography, Method & Theory ‎2.1. Introduction ‎2.2. Sources and Historiography ‎2.3. Method and Theory ‎2.4. Conclusion ‎Chapter 3. From Hellenistic Kingdoms to Roman Authority in the Levant ‎3.1. Introduction ‎3.2. The Hellenistic Kingdoms in the Levant ‎3.3. The Ituraeans and the Ituraean Principality ‎Chapter 4. Pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic Berytus ‎4.1. Introduction ‎4.2. Palaeolithic–Chalcolithic Activity (through 3000BCE) ‎4.3. Bronze Age (3000BCE–1200BCE) ‎4.4. Iron Age (1200BCE–323BCE) ‎4.5. Hellenistic (323BCE–15BCE) ‎4.6. Conclusion: Pre-Roman Berytus ‎Chapter 5. Pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic Baalbek and the Bekaa ‎5.1. Introduction ‎5.2. The Names Baalbek and Heliopolis ‎5.3. Prehistoric and Hellenistic Baalbek ‎5.4. The Prehistoric and Hellenistic Bekaa and Ituraean Territories ‎5.5. Conclusion and Interpretation ‎Chapter 6. Roman Berytus ‎6.1. Introduction ‎6.2. The Cardo Maximus and Colonnaded Decumani ‎6.3. Public Buildings and Religious Architecture ‎6.4. Domestic Architecture ‎6.5. Commerce ‎6.6. Funerary Practice ‎6.7. Conclusions: The “Reconstruction” of Berytus ‎Chapter 7. Deir el-Qalaa ‎7.1. Introduction ‎7.2. The Sacred Area at Deir el-Qalaa ‎7.3. The Settlement Area ‎7.4. The Deities and the Inscriptions ‎7.5. Conclusions ‎Chapter 8. The Sanctuaries of Niha and Hosn Niha ‎8.1. Introduction ‎8.2. Niha ‎8.3. Hosn Niha ‎8.4. Conclusion: Ancient Nihata and Hosn Niha ‎Chapter 9. The Religious Landscape of Baalbek in the Roman Period ‎9.1. Introduction ‎9.2. Early Roman Baalbek: 15BCE–Mid-second Century ‎9.3. The Later Roman Empire: From the Mid-second Century to the Fourth Century ‎9.4. Funerary Practice in Baalbek and Douris ‎9.5. Conclusion: A Double Transformation ‎Chapter 10. Life in the Colonia from Epigraphic, Numismatic, and Iconographic Evidence ‎10.1. Introduction ‎10.2. The Heliopolitan “Triad” ‎10.3. Baalbek-Heliopolis and Imperial Patronage ‎10.4. Euergetism by Private Citizens ‎10.5. Veterans and the Roman Army ‎10.6. Civilians, Public Officials, and Families ‎10.7. Voting Tribes ‎10.8. Conclusions: Life at Baalbek and in the Bekaa ‎Chapter 11. Landscape and Religious Architecture in the Colonia ‎11.1. Introduction ‎11.2. The Temples of Baalbek in the Landscape ‎11.3. The Temples of Niha in the Landscape ‎11.4. Deir el-Qalaa ‎11.5. Conclusion ‎Chapter 12. Conclusion ‎12.1. Conclusions on Berytus, Deir el-Qalaa, Niha, and Baalbek-Heliopolis ‎12.2. Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus: A Latin Intrusion in the Near East? ‎Appendix A. Location Tables for Beirut Excavations ‎Appendix B. Macrobius I.23.10–26 ‎Glossary ‎Bibliography ‎Index