Polarization in Electromagnetic Systems

Description

"This completely revised and expanded edition of an Artech House classic Polarization in Electromagnetic Systems presents the principles of polarization as applied to electromagnetic systems. This book emphasizes the concepts needed for functional aspects of systems calculations and device evaluation. Readers find up-to-date coverage of applications in wireless communications. The fundamentals of polarization are explained, including the principles of wave polarization, and polarization state representations. This book explores partially polarized waves, and includes details about unpolarized waves, degree of polarization, and stokes parameters representation. The second part of this book gives insight into system applications of antenna polarization. Antenna basics, polarization principles, omnidirectional, direction, and broadband antennas are described. This book provides detailed coverage of antenna waver interactions and dual-polarized systems. Additional topics included in this resource include depolarizing media and system applications, polarization in wireless communication systems including polarization diversity and polarization measurements. This hands-on resource provides a clear description of the effect of polarization on electromagnetic systems. " Polarization in Electromagnetic Systems, Second Edition Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Polarization Basics and a Brief History of Polarization 1.2 Overview of the Book References 2 Wave Polarization Principles 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Plane Waves 2.3 Concept and Visualization of Polarized Waves 2.4 Quantifying Polarization States 2.5 Decompostion of Waves 2.6 Problems References 3 Polarization State Representations 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Polarization Ellipse 3.3 The Poincaré Sphere 3.4 The Polarization Vector 3.5 Stokes Parameters 3.6 Polarization Ratio 3.6.1 Polarization Ratio for Linear Polarization 3.6.2 Polarization Ratio for Circular Polarization 3.7 Examples 3.8 Determination of Orthogonal Polarization States 3.8.1 Orthogonal State for the Polarization Ellipse Using ε, τ 3.8.2 Orthogonal State for the Polarization Ellipse Using γ, δ 3.8.3 Orthogonal States on the Poincaré Sphere 3.8.4 Orthogonal Polarization Vector 3.8.5 Stokes Parameters for an Orthogonal State 3.8.6 Polarization Ratio for an Orthogonal State 3.9 Problems References 4 Partially Polarized Waves 4.1 Unpolarized Waves 4.2 Partially Polarized Waves and Degree of Polarization 4.3 Stokes Parameters Representation for Partially Polarized Waves 4.4 Other Representations for Partially Polarized Waves 4.5 Problems References 5 Antenna Polarization 5.1 Antenna Basics 5.2 Antenna Polarization Principles 5.2.1 Antenna Pattern Types 5.2.2 Antenna Copolarization and Cross Polarization 5.3 Omnidirectional Antennas 5.3.1 Linearly Polarized Omnidirectional Antennas 5.3.2 Circularly Polarized Omnidirectional Antennas 5.4 Directional Antennas 5.4.1 Linearly Polarized Directional Antennas 5.4.2 Circularly Polarized Directional Antennas 5.5 Broadband Antennas 5.5.1 Linearly Polarized Broadband Antennas 5.5.2 Circularly Polarized Broadband Antennas 5.6 Polarization Purity of Circularly Polarized Antennas 5.7 Problems References 6 Antenna-Wave Interaction 6.1 Polarization Efficiency 6.2 Calculation of Polarization Efficiency 6.2.1 Polarization Efficiency Evaluation Using the Poincaré Sphere 6.2.2 Polarization Efficiency Evaluation Using Stokes Parameters 6.2.3 Polarization Efficiency Evaluation Using Polarization Ellipse Quantities 6.2.4 Polarization Efficiency Using Axial Ratios 6.2.5 Polarization Efficiency Expressed Using Polarization Ratios 6.2.6 Polarization Efficiency Expressed Using Polarization Vectors 6.2.7 Decomposition of Polarization Efficiency into Unpolarized and Completely Polarized Parts 6.2.8 Decomposition of Polarization Efficiency into Copolarized and Cross-Polarized Parts 6.3 Vector Effective Length of an Antenna 6.4 Normalized Complex Antenna Output Voltage 6.5 Problems References 7 Dual-Polarized Systems 7.1 Introduction to Dual-Polarized Systems 7.2 Cross-Polarization Ratio 7.3 Cross-Polarization Discrimination and Cross-Polarization Isolation 7.3.1 Definitions 7.3.2 Dual Decomposition 7.3.3 Calculating XPD 7.3.3.1 Ideal Dual Linearly Polarized Receiving Antenna 7.3.3.2 General Dual Polarization 7.3.3.3 Near-Dual Circular Polarization 7.4 Performance Evaluation of Dual-Polarized Systems 7.4.1 Isolation Degradation Caused by Imperfect Antennas 7.4.2 Calculation of Isolation in Systems 7.5 Polarization Control Devices 7.5.1 Polarizers 7.5.2 Orthomode Transducers 7.5.3 Polarization Grids 7.6 Problems References 8 Depolarizing Media and System Applications 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Principles of Depolarizing Media 8.3 Depolarization at Interfaces 8.3.1 General Formulation of Interface Polarization Effects 8.3.2 Reflection from a Plane, Perfect Conductor 8.3.3 Reflection from the Ground 8.4 Dual-Polarized Communication Systems with a Depolarizing Medium in the Path 8.4.1 General Formulation for a Depolarizing Medium 8.4.2 Rain on a Radio Path 8.4.3 Inclusion of Antenna Effects in System Calculations 8.4.4 Depolarization Caused by Faraday Rotation 8.5 Depolarization Compensation and Adaptive Systems 8.6 Polarization in Radar 8.6.1 Radar Basics 8.6.2 Polarimetric Radar 8.6.2.1 Point Radar Targets 8.6.2.2 Distributed Radar Targets 8.7 Polariztion in Radiometry 8.7.1 Radiometer Basics 8.7.2 Radiometer Applications 8.8 Problems References 9 Polarization in Wireless Communication Systems Including Polarization Diversity 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Polarization in Wireless Communications: System Principles 9.2.1 Overview 9.2.2 Single-Polarized Systems 9.2.3 Advantages of Using Circular Polarization 9.2.4 Dual-Polarized Systems 9.3 Diversity in Wireless Communications 9.3.1 Diversity Principles 9.3.2 Diversity Types 9.2.3 Diversity Combining 9.4 Polarization Diversity at Base Stations 9.5 Polarization Diversity at Terminals 9.6 Performance Comparison of Polarization Diversity to Other Diversity Types 9.6.1 Comparison of Base Station Diversity Techniques 9.6.2 Comparison of Terminal Diversity Techniques 9.7 Future Directions in Polarization Applications to Wireless 9.8 Chapter Summary 9.9 Problem References 10 Polarization Measurements 10.1 Introduction to Polarization Measurements 10.2 Antenna Pattern Measurement Principles Including Polarization 10.2.1 Pattern Measurement Techniques 10.2.2 Copolarized and Cross-Polarized Radiation Patterns 10.2.3 Polarization Pattern Measurement 10.2.4 The Spinning Linear and Dual-Linear Pattern Methods 10.3 Complete Polarization State Measurement 10.3.1 Phase-Amplitude Method 10.3.2 Multiple Amplitude-Component Methods 10.3.3 Measurement of the Polarization of Large Antennas 10.4 Measurement of Partially Polarized Waves 10.5 Gain Measurement 10.5.1 Gain Measurement of Linearly Polarized Antennas 10.5.2 Gain Measurement of Circularly Polarized Antennas 10.5.3 Absolute Gain Measurement 10.6 Measurements on Handsets and Other Small Devices 10.7 Problems References Appendix A Frequency Bands A.1 Radio Bands A.2 Microwave Bands Appendix B Useful Mathematical Relations B.1 Unit Vector Representations B.2 Trigonometric Relations List of Symbols About the Author Index