Biojet Fuel in Aviation Applications: Production, Usage and Impact of Biofuels

Description

Biojet fuels have the potential to make an important contribution towards decarbonising the aviation sector. Biojet Fuel in Aviation Applications: Production, Usage and Impact of Biofuels covers all aspects of this sustainable aviation fuel including aviation biofuel public policies, production technologies, physico-chemical properties, combustion performances, techno-economics of sustainable fuel production, sustainability and energywater-food (EWF) nexus. This must-have book also charts the current state of the industry by discussing the relevant industry players who are currently producing alternative aviation fuels and flight tests, while also providing a glimpse of the future of the industry. This comprehensive book is written for undergraduate students, postgraduate students, researchers, engineers and policy makers wanting to build up knowledge in the specific area of biojet fuel or the broader fields of sustainable energy and aeronautics. Front Cover BIOJET FUEL IN AVIATION APPLICATIONS BIOJET FUEL IN AVIATION APPLICATIONS Copyright Contents Preface BOOK ORGANIZATION BY CHAPTER CONSISTENT CHAPTER ORGANIZATION Acknowledgments 1 - Global Aviation and Biojet Fuel Policies, Legislations, Initiatives, and Roadmaps 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Global—International Civil Agency Organization 1.2.1 Carbon Offset and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation 1.2.2 Sustainable Aviation Fuels 1.2.3 CORSIA Eligible Fuels 1.2.4 CORSIA Central Registry 1.2.5 CORSIA CO2 Estimation and Reporting Tool 1.2.6 Impact of COVID-19 on CORSIA 1.3 European Union 1.3.1 European Union Emissions Trading Scheme 1.3.2 Renewable Energy Directives 1.3.3 European Advanced Biofuels FlightPath 1.3.4 FlightPath 2050 1.3.5 EU Fuel Quality Directive 98/70/EC 1.3.6 White Paper on Transport 1.4 United Kingdom 1.4.1 Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation 1.4.2 Fuels for Flight and Freight Competition (F4C) 1.5 Scandinavia 1.5.1 Nordic Initiative for Sustainable Aviation 1.5.2 Legislations in Nordic Countries 1.6 United States of America 1.6.1 Renewable Fuel Standard 1.6.2 Farm to Fly 1.6.3 Sustainable Aviation Fuels Northwest 1.6.4 Midwest Aviation Sustainable Biofuels Initiative 1.6.5 California Low Carbon Fuel Standard 1.7 Canada 1.8 Mexico 1.9 Brazil 1.9.1 Brazilian national biofuels policy (RenovaBio) 1.10 Argentina 1.11 China 1.11.1 Civil Aviation Development Fund 1.11.2 China Five-Year plans 1.12 Malaysia 1.13 Japan 1.14 Indonesia 1.15 Australia 1.16 Summary References 2 - Biojet fuel production pathways 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Oil-to-jet 2.2.1 Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids 2.2.2 Catalytic hydrothermolysis 2.2.3 Hydroprocessed depolymerized cellulosic jet 2.2.4 Commercial flights from oil-based feedstocks 2.3 Alcohol-to-jet 2.3.1 Ethanol-to-jet 2.3.2 Butyl alcohols-to-jet 2.3.3 Challenges and prospects 2.4 Gas-to-jet 2.4.1 Fischer–Tropsch 2.4.2 Biomass-to-fuel 2.4.3 Advances in Fischer–Tropsch technology 2.4.3.1 Biomass gasification technology 2.4.3.2 Fischer–Tropsch reactor 2.4.4 Scientific advances 2.5 Sugar-to-jet 2.5.1 Direct sugar-to-hydrocarbon 2.5.2 Aqueous phase reforming 2.6 Summary References 3 - Property specifications of alternative jet fuels 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Jet fuel specifications 3.3 Jet fuel from nonconventional sources 3.3.1 SASOL coal-based synthetic fuel 3.3.2 Synthetic jet fuel from biofeedstocks 3.4 Properties of synthetic jet fuel 3.4.1 Fischer–Tropsch hydroprocessed synthesized paraffinic kerosene 3.4.2 Synthesized kerosene with aromatics derived by alkylation of light aromatics from nonpetroleum sources 3.4.3 Synthesized paraffinic kerosene from hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids 3.4.4 Alcohol-to-jet synthetic paraffinic kerosene 3.4.5 Synthesized kerosene from hydrothermal conversion of fatty acid esters and fatty acids 3.4.6 Synthesized isoparaffins from hydroprocessed fermented sugars 3.4.7 Coprocessing of biocrude 3.5 Performance characteristics of aviation turbine fuels 3.5.1 Thermal stability 3.5.2 Combustion 3.5.3 Fuel metering and aircraft range 3.5.4 Fuel atomization 3.5.5 Compatibility with elastomer and the metals in the fuel system and turbine 3.5.6 Fuel storage stability and handling 3.5.7 Fuel cleanliness and contamination 3.5.8 Fuel lubricity 3.6 Additives for alternative jet fuels 3.7 Jet fuel certification process 3.8 Summary References 4 - Combustion performance of biojet fuels 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Principles of aircraft emissions 4.2.1 Mechanism of aircraft pollutant formations 4.2.2 Emission index calculation 4.3 Component or rig test for alternative jet fuel 4.3.1 Spray atomization 4.3.2 Ignition 4.3.3 Lean blowout 4.3.4 Emissions of alternative jet fuels 4.3.4.1 Gaseous emissions 4.3.4.2 Particulate matters 4.4 Flight test 4.5 Fundamental combustion properties 4.5.1 Ignition delay time 4.5.2 Derived cetane number 4.5.3 Laminar flame speed 4.5.4 Extinction strain rate 4.5.5 Sooting propensity 4.5.6 Formulation of surrogates for alternative jet fuels 4.6 Summary References 5 - Economics of biojet fuels 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biojet fuel prices 5.2.1 Sustainable aviation fuel price assessment 5.2.2 Economic viability 5.2.3 Process cost and investment cost 5.2.4 Impacts of subsidies and taxes 5.2.5 Impacts of biojet fuel on travel costs 5.3 Potential feedstock 5.3.1 First-generation feedstock 5.3.2 Second-generation feedstock 5.3.3 Third-generation feedstock 5.3.4 Feedstock cost implications 5.4 Global biojet fuel production 5.5 Barriers to commercialization 5.5.1 Economic barriers 5.5.2 Sustainability barriers 5.5.3 Operational barriers 5.5.4 Societal barriers 5.6 Summary References 6 - Sustainability of aviation biofuels 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Life cycle assessment of aviation jet fuel 6.2.1 Product allocation 6.2.2 Effect of land use change on emissions 6.3 Alternative jet fuel production pathway 6.4 Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions for different production pathways 6.4.1 Biochemical conversion 6.4.2 Thermochemical conversion 6.4.3 Lipid conversion 6.5 Life cycle emissions values for CORSIA eligible fuel 6.6 Comparison of greenhouse gas emission performance 6.7 Energy balance analysis 6.8 Energy–water–food nexus 6.8.1 Energy–water nexus in biojet fuel production 6.8.2 Energy–food nexus in biojet fuel production 6.8.3 Energy–water–food nexus and holistic considerations for biojet fuel production 6.8.3.1 Limiting factors 6.8.3.2 Energy diversity 6.8.3.3 Emissions 6.8.3.4 Energy–water–food nexus by biojet fuel generations 6.9 Summary References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z Back Cover