Numerical Simulation of Effluent Discharges: Applications with OpenFOAM

Description

Numerical Simulation of Effluent Discharges: Applications with OpenFOAM provides a resource for understanding the effluent discharge mechanisms and the approaches for modeling them. It bridges the gap between academia and industry with a focused approach in CFD modeling and providing practical examples and applications. With a detailed discussion on performing numerical modeling of effluent discharges in various ambient waters and with different discharge configurations, the book covers the application of OpenFOAM in effluent discharge modeling. Features: Discusses effluent discharges into various ambient waters with different discharge configurations.Focuses on numerical modeling of effluent discharges.Covers the fundamentals in predicting the mixing characteristics of effluents resulting from desalination plants.Reviews the past CFD studies on the effluent discharge modeling thoroughly.Provides guidance to researchers and engineers on the future steps in modeling of effluent discharges.Includes an introduction to OpenFOAM and its application in effluent discharge modeling. The book will benefit both academics and professional engineers practicing in the area of environmental fluid mechanics and working on the effluent discharge modeling. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface List of symbols List of abbreviations 1. Introduction 1.1. Identifying the problem 1.1.1. Integral models 1.1.2. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models 1.2. Application of outfalls 1.3. Different outfall configurations 1.4. Various types of effluents 1.5. Mixing zones 1.6. Scope of the book References 2. An introduction to numerical modeling 2.1. Governing equations 2.2. Model domain, boundaries, and initial conditions 2.2.1. Model domain 2.2.2. The boundaries 2.2.3. Initial conditions 2.3. Grid generation and sensitivity analysis 2.3.1. Grid generation 2.3.2. Grid sensitivity analysis 2.4. Rigid lid and free surface boundaries 2.4.1. Rigid lid 2.4.2. Free surface boundaries 2.5. Introduction to turbulence modeling 2.6. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) 2.7. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models 2.7.1. The standard k-ε model 2.7.2. The RNG k-ε model 2.7.3. The realizable k-ε model 2.7.4. The k-ω model 2.7.5. The k-ω SST model 2.7.6. The v2-f model 2.8. Large eddy simulation (LES) 2.9. Detached eddy simulation (DES) 2.10. Impact of buoyancy 2.11. Summary References 3. An introduction to OpenFOAM 3.1. OpenFOAM solvers for effluent discharge modeling 3.1.1. Model preparation 3.2. Mesh generation in OpenFOAM 3.2.1. Basic steps of mesh generation in OpenFOAM 3.2.2. Common mesh generation methods 3.2.3. Parameter definition 3.3. Effluent discharge model preparation in OpenFOAM using pisoFoam solver 3.3.1. PISO algorithm 3.3.2. A new solver is born 3.3.3. Preparation of the case file 3.3.3.1. The constant directory 3.3.3.2. The system directory 3.3.3.3. The “time” directories 3.3.3.4. Constant directory 3.3.3.5. System directory 3.3.3.6. Linear solver control 3.3.3.7. Solution tolerances 3.3.3.8. Preconditioned conjugate gradient solvers 3.3.3.9. Time control 3.4. Postprocessing with ParaView 3.4.1. Isosurfaces and contour plots 3.4.2. Vector plots 3.4.3. Streamline plots 3.4.4. Two ways for ParaView to create animation References 4. Applications 4.1. Review of past numerical studies in the field 4.1.1. Discharge through inclined dense jets 4.1.1.1. Discussion of differences in RANS and LES models for effluent mixing problems 4.1.2. Vertical jets 4.1.3. Horizontal jets 4.1.4. Surface discharges 4.2. Future steps in modeling of effluent discharges 4.2.1. Turbulence modeling 4.2.2. Effluents in stratified environments 4.2.3. Effluents in rotating fluids 4.2.4. Reaction processes 4.2.5. Influence of waves 4.2.6. Influence of interactions 4.2.7. Machine learning approaches 4.3. Conclusions References Appendix: Mesh generation in OpenFOAM: A1. Mesh generation using the BlockMesh utility A.1. Introduction A.2. Configurations A.2.1. Vertices A.2.2. Blocks A.3. Edges A.4. Boundary A.5. mergePatchPairs A.5.1. Tutorial 1: Vertical discharges into a T-shaped domain A.6. Mesh generation using the salome utility A.6.1. Tutorial 2: A jet discharged into a channel bend A.7. Mesh generation using the SnappyHexMesh utility A.7.1. Tutorial 3: Effluents discharged into a domain with obstacles Index