Biology of the Invertebrates

Description

This textbook is the most concise and readable invertebrates book in terms of detail and pedagogy (other texts do not offer boxed readings, a second color, end of chapter questions, or pronunciation guides). All phyla of invertebrates are covered (comprehensive) with an emphasis on unifying characteristics of each group. Cover Title Copyright List of Research Focus Boxes Expanded Contents Preface/Introduction Guide to the Major Animal Groups The Geologic Time Scale 1 Introduction and Environmental Considerations Introduction: The Importance of Research on Invertebrates Environmental Considerations Air Is Dry, Water Is Wet Water Is the "Universal Solvent" Water Absorbs Light Water Is Denser than Air Water Has Thermal Stability The Challenges of an Aquatic Life Origins and Diversity of Life 2 Invertebrate Classification and Relationships Introduction Classification by Cell Number, Embryology, and Body Symmetry Classification by Developmental Pattern The Coelomates The Pseudocoelomates and Acoelomates Classification by Evolutionary Relationship Inferring Evolutionary Relationships Why Determine Evolutionary Trees? Uncertainty about Evolutionary Relationships Time Machines: Help from the Fossil Record Classification by Habitat and Lifestyle 3 The Protists Introduction Protozoans General Characteristics Protozoan Locomotory Systems Structure and Function of Cilia Structure and Function of Flagella Structure and Function of Pseudopodia Protozoan Reproduction Protozoan Feeding Coloniality The Alveolates Phylum Ciliophora Patterns of Ciliation Other Morphological Features Reproductive Characteristics Ciliate Lifestyles Phylum Dinozoa (=Dinoflagellata) Phylum Apicomplexa A Brief Aside on Microsporideans and Myxozoans Amoeboid Protozoans The Amoebozoans The Arcellinids and Related Test-Bearing Amoebae The Rhizaria Flagellated Protozoans The Phytoflagellated Protozoans The Zooflagellated Protozoans—Free-Living Forms The Zooflagellated Protozoans—Parasitic Forms Two Interesting Transitional Forms 4 The Poriferans and Placozoans Phylum Porifera Introduction General Characteristics Poriferan Diversity Class Calcarea Class Demospongiae Class Hexactinellida Other Features of Poriferan Biology: Reproduction and Development Phylum Placozoa Introduction General Characteristics 5 Introduction to the Hydrostatic Skeleton 6 The Cnidarians Introduction and General Characteristics Subphylum Medusozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Cubozoa Class Hydrozoa Subclass Hydroidolina Order Siphonophora The Hydrocorals An Unusual Group of Likely Medusozoans: the Myxozoa A Medusozoan Sister Group? Class Staurozoa Subphylum Anthozoa Subclass Hexacorallia (=Zoantharia) Subclass Octocorallia (=Alcyonaria) 7 The Ctenophores Introduction and General Characteristics Ctenophore Diversity Class Tentaculata Class Nuda 8 The Platyhelminths Introduction and General Characteristics Class Turbellaria Class Cestoda Class Monogenea Class Trematoda The Digeneans Getting to a New Host The Aspidogastreans (=Aspidobothreans) 9 The Mesozoans: Possible Flatworm Relatives The Mesozoans Class Orthonectida Class Rhombozoa 10 The Gnathifera: Rotifers, Acanthocephalans, and Two Smaller Groups Introduction Phylum Rotifera Introduction and General Characteristics Class Seisonidea Class Bdelloidea Class Monogononta Other Features of Rotifer Biology Digestive System Nervous and Sensory Systems Excretion and Water Balance Phylum Acanthocephala Phylum Gnathostomulida Phylum Micrognathozoa 11 The Nemerteans Introduction and General Characteristics Other Features of Nemertean Biology Classification Protection from Predators Reproduction and Development 12 The Molluscs Introduction and General Characteristics Class Polyplacophora Class Aplacophora Class Monoplacophora Class Gastropoda The Prosobranchs The Opisthobranchia The Pulmonata Class Bivalvia (=Pelecypoda) Subclass Protobranchia The Lamellibranchs Subclass Anomalodesmata Class Scaphopoda Class Cephalopoda Other Features of Molluscan Biology Reproduction and Development Circulation, Blood Pigments, and Gas Exchange Nervous System Digestive System Excretory System 13 The Annelids Introduction Phylum Annelida General Annelid Characteristics Class Polychaeta Polychaete Reproduction Family Siboglinidae (formerly the Pogonophora) General Characteristics Siboglinid Reproduction and Development The Echiurans The Sipunculans Class Clitellata Subclass Oligochaeta Oligochaete Reproduction Subclass Hirudinea Leech Reproduction Other Features of Annelid Biology Digestive System Nervous System and Sense Organs Circulatory System 14 The Arthropods Introduction and General Characteristics The Exoskeleton The Hemocoel Molting Nerves and Muscles The Circulatory System Arthropod Visual Systems Arthropod Reproduction Classification Used in This Book Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Class Trilobita Subphylum Chelicerata Superclass Merostomata Class Arachnida Class Pycnogonida (=Pantopoda) Subphylum Mandibulata Superclass Myriapoda Superclass Hexapoda Class Insecta Superclass Crustacea Class Malacostraca Class Branchiopoda Class Ostracoda Class Copepoda Class Pentastomida Class Cirripedia Crustacean Development Other Features of Arthropod Biology Digestion Excretion Blood Pigments The Uncertainty of Arthropod Evolutionary Relationships 15 Two Phyla of Likely Arthropod Relatives: Tardigrades and Onychophorans Introduction and General Characteristics Phylum Tardigrada Phylum Onychophora 16 The Nematodes Introduction and General Characteristics Body Coverings and Body Cavities Musculature, Internal Pressure, and Locomotion Organ Systems and Behavior Reproduction and Development Parasitic Nematodes Beneficial Nematodes 17 Four Phyla of Likely Nematode Relatives: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, and Loricifera Introduction Phylum Nematomorpha Phylum Priapulida Phylum Kinorhyncha (=Echinoderida) Phylum Loricifera 18 Three Phyla of Uncertain Affiliation: Gastrotricha, Chaetognatha, and Cycliophora Introduction Phylum Gastrotricha Phylum Chaetognatha General Characteristics and Feeding Chaetognath Reproduction Chaetognath Lifestyles and Behavior Chaetognath Relationships Phylum Cycliophora 19 The "Lophophorates" (Phoronids, Brachiopods, Bryozoans) and Entoprocts Introduction and General Characteristics Phylum Phoronida Phylum Brachiopoda Phylum Bryozoa (=Ectoprocta) Class Phylactolaemata Class Gymnolaemata Class Stenolaemata Other Features of "Lophophorate" Biology Reproduction Digestion Nervous System Phylum Entoprocta (=Kamptozoa) 20 The Echinoderms Introduction and General Characteristics Class Crinoidea Class Stelleroidea Subclass Ophiuroidea Subclass Asteroidea Class Echinoidea Class Holothuroidea Other Features of Echinoderm Biology Reproduction and Development Nervous System 21 The Hemichordates Introduction and General Characteristics Class Enteropneusta Class Pterobranchia 22 The Xenoturbellids: Deuterostomes at Last? Phylum Xenoturbellida 23 The Nonvertebrate Chordates Introduction and General Characteristics Subphylum Tunicata (=Urochordata) Class Ascidiacea Class Larvacea (=Appendicularia) Class Thaliacea Other Features of Urochordate Biology Reproduction Excretory and Nervous Systems Subphylum Cephalochordata (=Acrania) 24 Invertebrate Reproduction and Development—An Overview Introduction Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Patterns of Sexuality Gamete Diversity Getting the Gametes Together Larval Forms Dispersal as a Component of the Life-History Pattern Glossary of Frequently Used Terms A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T V Z Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z