Not Quite White: White Trash and the Boundaries of Whiteness

Description

White trash. The phrase conjures up images of dirty rural folk who are poor, ignorant, violent, and incestuous. But where did this stigmatizing phrase come from? And why do these stereotypes persist? Matt Wray answers these and other questions by delving into the long history behind this term of abuse and others like it. Ranging from the early 1700s to the early 1900s, Not Quite White documents the origins and transformations of the multiple meanings projected onto poor rural whites in the United States. Wray draws on a wide variety of primary sources—literary texts, folklore, diaries and journals, medical and scientific articles, social scientific analyses—to construct a dense archive of changing collective representations of poor whites. Of crucial importance are the ideas about poor whites that circulated through early-twentieth-century public health campaigns, such as hookworm eradication and eugenic reforms. In these crusades, impoverished whites, particularly but not exclusively in the American South, were targeted for interventions by sanitarians who viewed them as “filthy, lazy crackers” in need of racial uplift and by eugenicists who viewed them as a “feebleminded menace” to the white race, threats that needed to be confined and involuntarily sterilized. Part historical inquiry and part sociological investigation, Not Quite White demonstrates the power of social categories and boundaries to shape social relationships and institutions, to invent groups where none exist, and to influence policies and legislation that end up harming the very people they aim to help. It illuminates not only the cultural significance and consequences of poor white stereotypes but also how dominant whites exploited and expanded these stereotypes to bolster and defend their own fragile claims to whiteness. Contents......Page 8 Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 10 Introduction. White Trash as Social Difference: Groups, Boundaries, and Inequalities......Page 16 Lubbers, Crackers, and Poor White Trash: Borders and Boundaries in the Colonies and the Early Republic......Page 36 Imagining Poor Whites in the Antebellum South: Abolitionist and Pro-Slavery Fictions......Page 62 ‘‘Three Generations of Imbeciles Are Enough’’: American Eugenics and Poor White Trash......Page 80 ‘‘The Disease of Laziness’’: Crackers, Poor Whites, and Hookworm Crusaders in the New South......Page 111 Limning the Boundaries of Whiteness......Page 148 Notes......Page 160 References......Page 196 Index......Page 226