Renewable Energy Technologies and Water Infrastructure

Description

Prepared by the Advancing Renewable Energy Technologies Committee of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE Renewable Energy Technologies and Water Infrastructure provides readers with a critical review of policy, regulation, science, and engineering with respect to the development and application of renewable energy technologies to the effective operation of water infrastructure. Using effective energy policy and rulemaking, the US has successfully started incorporating renewables within statewide energy mixes. Practical applications and the latest developments surrounding the integration of renewable energy into existing water infrastructure are rapidly evolving and deserve far greater attention. Detailed topics covered in this book include: renewable energy policy and regulatory requirements; micro-hydro power; biofuels; biogas-to-energy CHP; fuel cells for clean water; sustainable desalination; geothermal energy; solar and wind energy toward resilient water infrastructure; application of renewables for monitoring water quality; and proven renewable energy applications to water infrastructure. This book will be a valuable resource for academics, scientists, engineers, policy makers, and other practitioners working on water infrastructure and the applications of current sustainability and resilience needs with respect to the water-energy nexus. Book_5090_C000 Book_5090_C001 Chapter 1: US Renewable Energy Policy—Analysis and Recommendations Introduction National Energy Act of 1978 (H.R. 8444 1977-78) Energy Policy Act of 2005 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 Clean Power Plan of 2015 Energy Efficiency Resources Standards Renewable Energy Projects Federal Investment Tax Credit Renewable Production Tax Credit Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System Renewable Energy Resources—Review/Recommendations Hydropower Biofuels Solar Photovoltaic Wind Energy Future of United States Renewable Energy Policy Summary References Book_5090_C002 Chapter 2: Renewables and Regulatory Requirements of the United States Introduction US-Code, Law, and Act—Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Standards Renewable Portfolio Standards—The State of Connecticut, Example Renewable Portfolio Standards Eligibility—The State of California, Example Local Government on Renewable Energy Projects—State of Virginia, Example Solar and Wind Energy Rule—Bureau of Land Management RE Programs—Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Renewables—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Summary Disclaimer References Book_5090_C003 Chapter 3: Biofuels: Ethanol and Biodiesel Ethanol Introduction Legislation Classes of Ethanol Processing of Corn Ethanol Cellulosic Ethanol Processing US Ethanol Production Greenhouse Gases Water Quality Impacts Pros and Cons of Ethanol Biodiesel Introduction Biodiesel Processing Classes of Biodiesel Blends US Biodiesel Production Summary References Book_5090_C004 Chapter 4: Micro-Hydropower: Concept, System Design, and Innovations Introduction Micro-Hydropower Generation: Concept Micro-Hydropower System Design Case Study Site Micro-Hydropower System Design Components Hydraulic Component Design Hydraulic Head Flow Rate Flow Control to Penstock Penstock Design Penstock Intake Filter Mechanical Component Design Turbine Protection Electrical Component Design Electric Generator Inverter Controller Battery Bank Battery Overcharge Controller Case Study Project Cost Cost–Benefit Analysis Regulatory Requirements—Case Study Site Micro-Hydropower: Viable Technology in Developing Countries Small-Stream Micro-Hydropower: Challenges and Limitations Emerging Micro- and Small-Hydropower Technologies Summary Appendix A. Bill of Materials (Equipment, 2013 Prices) Appendix B. Bill of Materials (Supplies/Materials, 2013 Prices) Acknowledgments Disclaimer References Book_5090_C005 Chapter 5: Biogas-to-Energy—The Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems Introduction Biogas Generation Systems—Theory and Practice Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock and Poultry Manure Sludges/Biosolids and Biogas-to-Energy—US Regulations Biogas-to-Electric Generation and Combined Heat and Power Economics of Livestock and Poultry Manure Anaerobic Digestion Biogas in the Circular Economy Summary References Book_5090_C006 Chapter 6: Fuel Cells for Renewable Wastewater Infrastructure Introduction Hydrogen Biological Processes for Hydrogen Production Dark Fermentation Microbial Electrolysis Cells Photofermentation Biophotolysis Fuel Cells Hydrogen Fuel Cells Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Alkaline Fuel Cell Working Principle Potential Applications in Wastewater Infrastructure Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Working Principle Potential Applications in Wastewater Infrastructure Hydrogen and Hydrocarbon Fuel Cells Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells Working Principle Potential Applications in Wastewater Infrastructure Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Working Principle Potential Applications in Wastewater Infrastructure Microbial Fuel Cell Summary Acknowledgments References Book_5090_C007 Chapter 7: Sustainable Desalination Using Renewable Energy Sources Introduction Desalination Technologies—Principles of Operation Multistage Flash Desalination Multieffect Distillation Vapor Compression Energy Efficiency of Thermal Desalination Reverse Osmosis Renewable Energy Integration with Desalination Processes Selection Process of the Desalination Process Sustainability of Desalination Technologies Environmental Impacts of Desalination Processes Brine Disposal Economic Considerations of Renewable Energy-Driven Desalination Processes Regulatory Requirements Social Aspects of Desalination Processes Summary References Book_5090_C008 Chapter 8: Geothermal Energy General Description Geothermal Resources Geothermal Resource Applications Geothermal Power Generation Power Plant Types Dry Steam Flash Organic Rankine Cycle/Binary Current Status Worldwide Capacity Technological Distribution Geothermal Direct Use Direct Heating Applications Mineral Recovery Energy Storage Future Direction Enhanced Geothermal Systems Hybridization Opportunities with Concentrating Solar Power Perspective References Book_5090_C009 Chapter 9: Wind Energy—Increasing Resilience in Water Infrastructure Introduction Wind Turbine Technologies Wind Technology Powering Mechanical Systems Efficiency and the Betz Limit Assessing Power from Wind Turbine Technology, Applications, and Siting Built Environment Wind Turbine Quantifying Turbulence and Turbulence Intensity Energy and Water Role of Wind Energy in Water Infrastructure Security Emerging Technologies Summary References Book_5090_C010 Chapter 10: Solar Energy and Water/Wastewater Infrastructure Introduction Solar Radiation Solar Photovoltaics Solar Thermal Solar Photovoltaics and Concentrating Solar Power Comparison Solar in Water Industry Desalination Thermal Technologies Membrane Technologies Solar in Desalination Solar Water Disinfection Wastewater Processing Solar in Wastewater Processing Summary References Book_5090_C011 Chapter 11: Renewable Energy Technologies for Water Quality Monitoring Introduction Solar-Powered Monitoring Networks Stormwater Sampling and Monitoring Discharge and Nonpoint Source Monitoring Water Quality Monitoring with Data Buoys Microbial Fuel Cells for Water Quality Monitoring Summary References Book_5090_C012 Chapter 12: Integrating Renewable Energy in Water Infrastructure: Global Trends and Future Outlook Introduction Background Water and Energy Nexus Water and Energy Conservation Applications of Renewable Energy in the Water Industry Solar Energy Wind Energy Outlook Summary References Book_5090_A001 Appendix List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Book_5090_IDX