Ovarian Cancer Biomarkers: Mapping to Improve Outcomes

Description

This book comprehensively summarizes the biology, etiology, and pathology of ovarian cancer and explores the role of deep molecular and cellular profiling in the advancement of precision medicine. The initial chapter discusses our current understanding of the origin, development, progression and tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer. In turn, the book highlights the development of resistance, disease occurrence, and poor prognosis that are the hallmarks of ovarian cancer. The book then reviews the role of deep molecular and cellular profiling to overcome challenges that are associated with the treatment of ovarian cancer. It explores the use of genome-wide association analysis to identify genetic variants for the evaluation of ovarian carcinoma risk and prognostic prediction. Lastly, it highlights various diagnostic and prognostic ovarian cancer biomarkers for the development of molecular-targeted therapy. Foreword Acknowledgments Contents About the Editor 1: Origins and Pathology of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Brief Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Epidemiology of Ovarian Cancer 1.3 Origins of Ovarian Cancer 1.4 Ovarian Cancer Histotypes and Staging 1.4.1 Pathology of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer 1.4.2 Staging of Ovarian Cancer 1.5 Conclusion Box 1.1 Recommended reading of particular interest References 2: An Introduction to the Current Management of Ovarian Cancer in the Era of Precision Oncology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Histotypes 2.3 The Personalized Era of Advanced Ovarian Cancer Care: The Intersection of Histology and Molecular Paradigms 2.3.1 HRD, PARP Inhibitors, and Synthetic Lethality 2.3.2 The Emerging Role of Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer 2.4 Current Clinical Management of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer 2.4.1 Localized Disease 2.4.1.1 Curative Surgery 2.4.1.2 Adjuvant Therapy 2.4.2 Advanced Disease: State of the Art 2.4.2.1 Role of Surgery in Advanced Disease 2.4.2.2 Neoadjuvant Therapy 2.4.2.3 Chemotherapy in the First-Line Setting 2.4.3 The Role of Biological Agents in the Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer 2.4.3.1 Antiangiogenic Drugs 2.4.4 PARP Inhibitors 2.4.4.1 MEK Inhibitors 2.4.5 Chemotherapy After Recurrence 2.5 Current Clinical Management of Non-epithelial Ovarian Cancer 2.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives Box 2.1 Recommended reading References 3: The Hallmarks of Ovarian Cancer: Actionable Genetics, Targetable Pathways, and Predictive Biomarkers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Actionable Hallmarks of Ovarian Cancer 3.2.1 Synthetic Lethality Beyond Genomic Instability 3.2.2 Tumor Promoting Inflammation 3.2.3 Sustaining Proliferative Signaling 3.2.3.1 PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway 3.2.3.2 RAS Pathway 3.2.3.3 Cyclin E1 3.2.3.4 EGFR Pathway 3.2.3.5 Folate Receptor Pathway 3.2.4 Evading Growth Suppressors 3.2.4.1 TP53 Network 3.2.4.2 Retinoblastoma Protein Signaling 3.2.5 Activating Invasion and Metastasis 3.2.5.1 Cadherins 3.2.5.2 ZEB1 and ZEB2 Axis 3.2.5.3 EpCAM 3.2.6 Enabling Replicative Immortality 3.2.7 Inducing Angiogenesis 3.2.8 Resisting Cell Death 3.2.9 Avoiding Immune Destruction 3.2.10 Deregulating Cellular Energetics 3.3 Conclusion Box 3.1 Recommended reading of particular interest References 4: Genetic Alterations in Ovarian Cancer as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers of Therapy Response and Surgical Outcomes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Ovarian Cancer Genetics as a Biomarker of Response to Chemotherapy and Survival Outcomes 4.3 Ovarian Cancer Genetics and Response to PARP Inhibitors 4.3.1 Olaparib 4.3.2 Rucaparib 4.3.3 Niraparib 4.3.4 Veliparib 4.4 Ovarian Cancer Genetics and Surgical Outcomes 4.5 Conclusion Box 4.1 Recommended reading of particular interest References 5: The Advent of Circulating Tumor DNA in the Management of Ovarian Cancer 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Circulating Tumor DNA as a Biomarker in Ovarian Cancer 5.3 Perspectives: Ongoing Clinical Trials Investigating ctDNA for Ovarian Cancer 5.4 Feasibility, Availability, and Accessibility of Liquid Biopsy-based Methodologies for Clinical Applications: Addressing Ba... 5.5 Conclusions Box 5.1 Recommended reading of particular interest References 6: Proteomic Biomarkers for Early Detection and Patients´ Stratification in Ovarian Cancer: A Brief Overview 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Proteomics and Ovarian Cancer 6.2.1 Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines and Tumor Tissues 6.2.2 Proteomic Plasma Analysis 6.2.3 Proteomic Analysis of Ascitic and Pleural Effusions 6.3 Proteomics and Extracellular Vesicles: A Promising Approach in Ovarian Cancer 6.4 Future Perspectives: A Focus on microRNAs 6.5 Conclusion Box 6.1 Overview of recommended articles providing relevant scientific insights on this specific issue References 7: Cutting-Edge Technologies for Ovarian Cancer: An Overview of the Impact of Genetic Testing, Next-Generation Sequencing, and... 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Overview of Guidelines and Approved Methods for Genetic Testing in Ovarian Cancer 7.2.1 Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome 7.2.2 Mismatch Repair (MMR) Genes 7.2.3 DNA Repair Protein (RAD51) 7.2.4 Tumor Protein p53 (TP53) 7.2.5 BRCA1 Interacting Protein C-Terminal Helicase 1 (BRIP1) 7.2.6 Checkpoint Kinase 2 (CHEK2) 7.2.7 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) and CDK Inhibitors 7.2.8 Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) 7.2.9 Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue (PTEN) 7.2.10 Serine/Threonine Kinase 11 (STK11) 7.2.11 Clinical Implications of Genetic Screening on Decision-Making 7.2.12 Challenges in Developing Effective Genetic Screening Methods 7.3 Exploring the Impact of Next-Generation Sequencing in Ovarian Cancer Management 7.4 Single-Cell Sequencing Technology to Depict Ovarian Cancer Heterogeneity 7.5 Conclusion Box 7.1 Recommended reading of particular interest References