Visualizing with Text

Description

Visualizing with Text uncovers the rich palette of text elements usable in visualizations from simple labels through to documents. Using a multidisciplinary research effort spanning across fields including visualization, typography, and cartography, it builds a solid foundation for the design space of text in visualization. The book illustrates many new kinds of visualizations, including microtext lines, skim formatting, and typographic sets that solve some of the shortcomings of well-known visualization techniques. Key features: More than 240 illustrations to aid inspiration of new visualizations Eight new approaches to data visualization leveraging text Quick reference guide for visualization with text Builds a solid foundation extending current visualization theory Bridges between visualization, typography, text analytics, and natural language processing Designers, developers, and academics can use this book as a reference and inspiration for new approaches to visualization in any application that uses text. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Visual Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Figures and Credits Foreword Preface About the Author Part I Defining Text Elements Chapter 1 Why Visualize with Text? 1.1 Why Text? 1.2 500 Years of Pushing Text Out of Visualizations 1.3 (Re)Learning from History 1.3.1 Cartography 1.3.2 Typography 1.3.3 Tables 1.3.4 Science Classification and Notation 1.3.5 Code Editors 1.3.6 Alphanumeric Charts 1.3.7 Art and Poetry 1.3.8 Graphic Design and Advertising 1.3.9 Comics 1.3.10 Post-Modern Text 1.3.11 Data Visualization 1.4 Further Reading Chapter 2 The Design Space of Visualization with Text 2.1 Is Text Visualization? 2.1.1 Visualization as Visual Patterns 2.1.2 Visualization as Organized Inventory 2.1.3 Visualization as Communication 2.2 Visualization Design Space Today 2.2.1 Visualization Anatomy 2.2.2 Visualization Encoding 2.3 Preprocessing Text for the Visualization Pipeline 2.4 Deriving a Visualization Pipeline for Text 2.5 Further Reading Chapter 3 Characterizing Text 3.1 Literal Data 3.1.1 Functional Benefits: The Data Contains Text 3.1.2 Perceptual Benefits: Fast, Efficient Access to Detail 3.1.3 Cognitive Benefits: Reasoning Aid 3.1.4 Language Constraints 3.2 Typographic Attributes 3.2.1 Alphanumeric Glyphs (i.e. Letters and Numbers) 3.2.2 Symbols and Paired Delimiters 3.2.3 Weight (and Bold) 3.2.4 Oblique Angle (and Italic) 3.2.5 Underlines 3.2.6 Case (Upper, Lower, Small Caps, and Proper) 3.2.7 Width (Condensed/Expanded, Scaling, and Spacing) 3.2.8 Typeface (i.e. Font) 3.2.9 Low-Level Font Parameters: X-Height, Contrast, Stress, Serif Types, etc. 3.2.10 Shifting Baseline and Text on a Path 3.3 Non-Type Visual Attributes 3.3.1 Size 3.3.2 Rotation 3.3.3 Fill Color 3.3.4 Outline and Outline Color 3.3.5 Gradients or Drop-Shadows 3.3.6 Superimposition and Contrast 3.3.7 Distortion and Extrusion 3.3.8 3D Orientation 3.3.9 Motion 3.3.10 More: Texture, Blur, Transparency, Etc. 3.4 Marks and Text Scope 3.4.1 Point Marks: Characters, Codes, Syllables, and Words 3.4.2 Line Marks: Phrases and Sentences 3.4.3 Area Marks: Paragraphs and Chapters 3.4.4 Readability of Text 3.5 Text Layouts: Prose, Tables, and Lists 3.5.1 Prose 3.5.2 Tables 3.5.3 Lists and Indices 3.6 Text Interactions 3.7 Text Characterization for Visualization Design Summary 3.8 Further Reading Chapter 4 Using the Design Space 4.1 Structured Data and Bertin’s Permutations 4.2 Unstructured Data Analysis and NLP 4.3 Multiple Attributes 4.4 Roles for Text in Visualizations 4.5 Visualization Business Opportunities 4.6 Further Reading Part II Labels Chapter 5 Point Labels 5.1 Labels as Point Marks 5.2 Reading Is Faster Than Interacting 5.3 Codes as Labels 5.4 Full Labels 5.5 Group Labels and Very Long Labels 5.6 Many Labels and Long Labels 5.7 Massive Data, Labels, and Zoom 5.8 Further Reading Chapter 6 Distributions 6.1 Highlighting Values in Stem and Leaf Plots 6.2 Literal Leaves 6.2.1 Literal Leaves Showing Alphanumeric Codes 6.2.2 Literal Leaves Showing Words and Phrases 6.3 Literal Stems and Literal Leaves 6.3.1 Literal Stems and Leaves with Codes 6.3.2 Literal Stems and Leaves with Words 6.3.3 Literal Stems and Leaves with Phrases 6.4 Stems and Leaf Hierarchies and Graphs 6.4.1 Simple Stems and Leaf Hierarchy 6.4.2 Stems and Leaf Graph 6.4.3 Stems and Leaf Hierarchies on a Corpus 6.5 Stems and Leaf Interactions 6.6 Further Reading Chapter 7 Microtext Lines 7.1 Text on Paths 7.2 The Need to Visualize Many Timeseries 7.2.1 Line Charts with Many Lines 7.2.2 Microtext and River Labels with Many Lines 7.2.3 Do Microtext Lines Work? 7.2.4 Interactive Microtext Line Charts 7.3 Microtext Applied to Other Visualization Layouts 7.4 Further Reading Part III Formats Chapter 8 Sets and Categories 8.1 Challenges Visualizing Multiple Categories 8.2 Indicating Set Membership with Text 8.3 Typographic Venn and Euler Diagrams 8.4 Typographic Graphs 8.5 Typographic Scatterplots 8.6 Typographic Mosaic Plots 8.7 Typographic Bar Charts with Stacked Labels 8.8 Handling Many Categories 8.8.1 Many Different Visual Attributes 8.8.2 Visual Attributes Applied to Individual Characters 8.8.3 Decoding vs. Noticing a Difference 8.8.4 Going Further 8.9 Further Reading Chapter 9 Maps and Ordered Data 9.1 Problems with Thematic Maps 9.2 Typographic Thematic Map with a Single Ordered Variable 9.3 Multi-Variate Typographic Thematic Maps 9.4 Handling Long Labels 9.5 Scaling to Thousands of Labels 9.6 Non-Distorted Typographic Maps 9.7 Typographic Scope: Paragraphs and Glyphs 9.8 Do Typographic Thematic Maps Work? 9.9 Typographic Ordering with Other Attributes and Layouts 9.10 Further Reading Chapter 10 Ratios and Quantitative Data 10.1 Quantitative Data 10.2 Proportions Along a String (Bar Charts with Long Labels) 10.2.1 Proportions along Words and Phrases 10.2.2 Proportions along Lines of Text 10.2.3 Proportions to Indicate Ranges 10.2.4 Proportions, Distributions, and Areas 10.2.5 Proportions in Paragraphs 10.2.6 Stacked Proportions 10.2.7 Multiple Proportions 10.2.8 Semantic Proportions and Expressive Text 10.3 Positions along a String 10.4 Caveats, Issues, and Limitations Part IV Text Layouts Chapter 11 Prose and Prosody 11.1 Enhanced Reading 11.2 Skim Formatting 11.3 Formatting Letters for Pronunciation, Spelling, and Prosody 11.4 Further Reading Chapter 12 SparkWords 12.1 Historic Precedent for SparkWords 12.2 SparkWords Defined 12.3 SparkWords in Narrative 12.3.1 Categoric SparkWords 12.3.2 Ordered SparkWords 12.3.3 Quantitative SparkWords 12.4 SparkWords in Lists 12.5 SparkWords in Tables 12.5.1 Orders of Magnitude 12.5.2 Tables with Data Added into Typographic Formats 12.6 Further Reading Chapter 13 Opportunity and Checklist 13.1 Validation 13.2 Checklist 13.2.1 Language 13.2.2 Legibility 13.2.3 Alphanumeric Codes 13.2.4 Formats 13.2.5 Long Labels 13.2.6 Layout Challenges 13.2.7 Typeface 13.2.8 Interactions 13.2.9 More Chapter 14 References 14.1 Acknowledgments 14.2 Peer-Reviewed Research Bibliography Index