Breath Odors: Origin, Diagnosis, and Management

Description

Bad breath is a common and embarrassing problem that everyone worries about, yet most health professionals still know little about its origins, diagnosis, and treatment. Over the past fifteen years, investigators have studied how bad breath is caused, where the odors originate, and which bacteria and gases are involved. Novel in vitro systems and measurement techniques have been proposed, and clinical studies conducted to compare new and traditional treatments. This illustrated text presents, for the first time, a comprehensive and cohesive science-based approach to bad breath, combining basic research with clinical approaches to diagnosis and treatment. All aspects of the subject are examined thoroughly and critically, including the psychological impact of breath odor and future prospects. The authors draw upon more than thirty years’ combined experience in this field, both in the laboratory and as consultants to thousands of patients in Canada, the US, the UK, and elsewhere. Contents......Page 5 1: Introduction......Page 8 2.1 Oral Malodor and the Tongue......Page 11 2.2 Oral Malodor, Gingival Health, and Periodontal Disease......Page 15 2.3 Oral Malodor and Dental Restorations......Page 18 2.4 Oral Malodor and Oral Dryness......Page 19 References......Page 20 3.2 The Bacterial Origin of Oral Odors......Page 22 3.3 Metabolic Factors Affecting Malodor Production......Page 23 3.4.1 Metabolism......Page 24 3.4.2 Malodorous Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the Oral Cavity......Page 26 3.5.1 Malodor-Producing Microorganisms......Page 29 References......Page 32 4.1 Olfactory Psychophysics......Page 34 4.3 Odor Perception and Odor Evaluation Panels......Page 36 References......Page 37 5.1 Chronic Sinusitis......Page 39 5.2 Chronic Caseous Tonsillitis......Page 40 5.3 Foreign Bodies......Page 41 References......Page 42 6.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)......Page 44 6.2 Helicobacter pylori (Hp) Infection......Page 45 References......Page 48 7: Other Sources of Breath Odors......Page 50 References......Page 52 8.1 Odor Judge Scoring......Page 54 8.2.1 Gas Chromatography (GC)......Page 56 8.2.2 Sulfide Monitor......Page 57 8.4.2 β-Galactosidase Activity Assay......Page 58 8.5 Cysteine Challenge......Page 59 8.6 Salivary Incubation Assays......Page 60 References......Page 62 9.1 Pre-appointment Instructions......Page 65 9.3.1 Organoleptic Measurements......Page 66 9.3.4 Biochemical and Microbial Assays......Page 67 References......Page 68 10: Self-Assessment of Breath Odors......Page 69 References......Page 71 11.1 Prevalence......Page 72 11.3 Age......Page 73 References......Page 75 12.2 Olfactory Reference Syndrome (ORS)......Page 77 12.3 Back to Halitophobia......Page 78 References......Page 80 13.1 Mechanical Therapy......Page 82 13.2 Chemical Therapy......Page 84 13.3 Professional Treatment......Page 90 References......Page 92 14.1 Culture and Folklore......Page 96 14.2 Early Scientific and Medical Literature......Page 98 References......Page 99 15: Future Prospects......Page 101 References......Page 102