Shaping the Future of Child and Adolescent Mental Health: Towards Technological Advances and Service Innovations

Description

Shaping the Future of Child and Adolescent Mental Health: Towards Technological Advances and Service Innovations coincides with the 25th International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions (IACAPAP) Congress in Dubai from December 5–9, 2022. There are three overarching themes of this book. Firstly, the impact of the Internet and digital technologies on the mental health and well-being of children and adolescents, including computerized therapies, and the fundamental role of technologies to advance knowledge in the field. Secondly, a theme on harnessing the expansion of knowledge on psychiatric disorders and their treatment for children and adolescents, exemplified by chapters on different kinds of adversity in child and adolescent mental health and a chapter on precision therapeutics. Given the location of the IACAPAP Congress, the third theme focuses on aspects of child and adolescent mental health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Chapters provide insights into a broad range of contemporary technology- and service innovation–related topics in child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health. These include growing up in the digital age, cyberbullying, clinical applications of big data and machine learning, computerized cognitive behavioral therapy, technology- enhanced learning, lessons from COVID-19, new understanding of the consequences of psychological trauma, autoimmune encephalitis, and precision therapeutics in depression. Acknowledging the global challenge of child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, readers will find an emphasis on contextual challenges in the field, including innovations for scaling up of mental health intervention in low- and middle-income countries, and research and training in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Front Cover SHAPING THE FUTURE OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH Shaping the Future of Child and Adolescent Mental HealthTowards Technological Advances and Service Innovations.. Copyright Contents Contributors Preface Acknowledgements Reference Introduction 1. Children and adolescents in the digital world 2. Digital innovations to improve our understanding of child and adolescent mental health 3. Innovative approaches to children and adolescents in adversity 4. Treatments for the future 5. Shaping the future of child and adolescent mental health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 6. Concluding note References I - Children and adolescents in the digital age 1 - Looking beyond the adverse effects of digital technologies on adolescents: the case for resilience and mindfulness 1. Introduction—a society saturated with information and communication technologies 2. The effects of digital technology on adolescents—the call for balanced research 3. The bioecological model—a framework to explain the interaction between adolescent and their (techno-) environment 4. Digital technology use and resilience in adolescents—lessening negative consequences and encouraging positive outcomes 4.1 Mechanisms for the effects of digital technology on adolescents 4.2 Overuse of digital technology 5. Neurodevelopmental effects of digital technology use—the need for a multipronged approach 6. Sex differences in digital technology use and the effects thereof—a culturally shaped phenomenon? 7. Mindfulness—a protective factor against problematic digital technology use 8. Achieving mindfulness through digital technology 9. Conclusion References 2 - Cyberbullying in young people 1. What is cyberbullying? 1.1 Types of cyberbullying and cyberbullying roles 1.2 Overlap between cyberbullying and traditional bullying 2. Epidemiology 2.1 Age 2.2 Gender 2.3 Socioeconomic status and ethnicity 2.4 Chronic conditions, disabilities, and preexisting mental health problems 3. Risk and protective factors 3.1 Individual factors 3.2 Contextual factors 4. The impact of cyberbullying on mental health 5. Assessment and intervention 5.1 Assessment 5.2 Intervention 6. Summary 7. Future directions Acknowledgments References II - Innovations to improve our understanding of Child and Adolescent Mental Health 3 - Clinical applications of big data to child and adolescent mental health care 1. What are big data? 2. Why do we need big data for child and adolescent mental health research? 3. Current applications of big data in child and adolescent mental health research 3.1 Routinely collected health data 3.2 Administrative data linkages 3.3 Blended survey and administrative data approaches 4. Areas for future development 5. Ethics and governance 6. A global perspective 7. Strengths and limitations of using big data in child and adolescent mental health research 8. Conclusion References 4 - Machine learning and child and adolescent mental health services: challenges and opportunities 1. What is machine learning? 2. Finding the right task for machine learning 2.1 What tasks would clinicians find useful? Findings from a Delphi study 2.2 Predicting rare events in child and adolescent mental health services 2.3 “Omics” 3. Finding the right data for machine learning 3.1 Structured data 3.2 Unstructured data 3.3 Digital health platforms 4. Choosing the right methods 4.1 Supervised versus unsupervised learning 4.2 Common problems in machine learning 5. Finding the right context 5.1 The human–computer interaction 5.2 Interpretability and ethical issues 5.3 Gamification 6. The potential use of machine learning in low- and middle-income countries 7. Conclusion References III - Innovative approaches to helping young people in adversity 5 - The COVID-19 pandemic and child and adolescent mental health—what has been learned and lessons for the future 1. Introduction 2. The impact of acute illness with COVID-19 3. Long-COVID: an emerging problem 4. Impact on child and adolescent mental health: population level 5. Children and young people with existing mental health conditions 6. Global perspectives on the mental health impact of COVID-19 7. Mental health–related help seeking and service access during COVID-19 7.1 Referrals and service contacts 8. Help seeking and experience of services 9. Education and mental health during COVID-19 10. Looking to the future References 6 - Trauma-related psychopathology in children and adolescents: recent developments and future directions 1. Introduction to trauma-related psychopathology in children and adolescents 2. Presentations of trauma-related psychopathology in children and adolescents 2.1 Posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents 2.2 Posttraumatic stress disorder in young children 2.3 Complex posttraumatic stress disorder 2.4 Broad trauma-related psychopathology 3. Underlying mechanisms of trauma-related psychopathology in children and adolescents 3.1 Dominant hypothesis of toxic brain injury 3.2 Investigations of causality 3.3 Psychological processes 4. Interventions for trauma-related psychopathology in children and adolescents 4.1 Treatment 4.2 Prevention 4.3 Healthcare gaps 5. Conclusions about recent developments and future directions to address trauma-related psychopathology in children and adole ... Funding References IV - Treatments for the future 7 - The inflamed brain: implications of autoimmune encephalitis for child- and adolescent neuropsychiatry—a multidi ... 1. The inflamed brain—autoimmune encephalitis 2. Clinical syndromes of autoimmune encephalitis 2.1 Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis 2.1.1 Pathophysiology and epidemiology 2.1.2 Clinical presentation 2.2 Limbic autoimmune encephalitis 2.2.1 Anti–voltage-gated potassium channel encephalitis 2.2.2 Antiglutamic acid decarboxylase encephalitis 2.3 Basal ganglia encephalitis (encephalitis lethargica/von Economo's disease) 2.4 Hashimoto encephalitis 3. Review of diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of anti-NMDAR encephalitis 3.1 Diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis 3.2 Serum-negative encephalitis 3.3 Treatment of anti-NMDAR encephalitis 3.3.1 In general 3.3.1.1 The multidisciplinary approach to autoimmune encephalitis 3.3.1.2 The ABCDEF bundle 3.3.2 Specific neuropsychiatric symptomatology 3.3.2.1 Psychopharmacology 3.3.2.2 The hyperactive delirium issue 3.3.2.3 Antipsychotics 3.3.2.4 Benzodiazepines 3.3.2.5 Antidepressants 3.3.2.6 Antiepilepsy medications 3.3.3 Other treatment options 3.3.3.1 Electroconvulsive therapy 3.4 Outcomes of anti-NMDAR encephalitis 4. Discussion 4.1 Autoimmune encephalitis versus psychiatric disorder: a critical note 4.2 Treatment options: a critical discussion regarding the sense and nonsense of using antipsychotics 4.3 Other situations 4.3.1 Indications for and procedure for rapid tranquilization 4.3.2 Last resort options for treatment 5. Limitations 6. Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8 - Precision therapeutics—personalizing psychological therapy for depression in adolescents 1. Introduction 2. Psychological therapy for depression 3. Precision therapeutics 3.1 Testing moderators of treatment outcome 3.2 Matching individuals with treatments 3.3 Machine learning approaches 3.4 SMART designs 3.5 Measurement-based care 3.6 The general psychopathology factor as a treatment outcome 4. The general psychopathology factor and response to psychological therapy in the IMPACT trial 5. Incorporating individual preferences 6. Issues and prospects 6.1 Mental components as a network 6.2 Therapeutic biomarkers 7. Depressed adolescents in the developing world 8. Summary and implications References V - Innovations in treatment delivery and training 9 - Delivering computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for child and adolescent depression and anxiety 1. Cognitive behavioral therapy 1.1 The treatment gap 2. Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy 3. Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety 4. Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for depression 5. What do we not yet know about cCBT? 6. Future directions 7. Resources References 10 - Innovations in scaling up interventions in low- and middle-income countries: parent-focused interventions in t ... 1. Perinatal mental health and child development 2. Intervention programs for maternal mental health and child development in low- and middle-income countries 2.1 Screening 2.2 Intervention targeting perinatal depression and anxiety 2.3 Interventions targeting infant–caregiver interaction 3. Innovations in delivery methods to facilitate scale-up in low- and middle-income countries 3.1 Task-sharing and transdiagnostic approaches 3.2 Integrated maternal and child mental health intervention packages 3.3 Technological solutions 3.3.1 Use of big data approaches 3.3.2 Electronic delivery of intervention 3.3.3 Electronic training and supervision methods 3.3.4 Large-scale implementation 4. Recommendation for future practice and research 4.1 Recommendations for clinical practice 4.2 Recommendations for research References 11 - Technology-enhanced learning and training for child and adolescent mental health professionals 1. Introduction 2. Technology-enhanced Learning and training in practice 2.1 Potential benefits of technology-enhanced learning 2.1.1 Facilitating training in evidence-based therapies 2.1.2 Enhancing graduate training in mental health 2.1.3 Provision of mental health information on a larger scale 2.1.4 Facilitating accessibility of training 2.1.5 Continued access to learning and training in the context of global issues 2.2 Potential challenges of technology-enhanced learning 3. Designing technology-enabled learning resources 3.1 Models of design 3.2 Practical considerations 3.3 The current evidence-base for technology-enhanced learning 3.4 Evaluating the impact of technology-enhanced learning in the future 4. Conclusion References VI - Shaping the future of Child and Adolescent Mental Health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 12 - Child and adolescent mental health research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region—now and in the future 1. Introduction to the Eastern Mediterranean Region 2. Mental health prevalence and burden in Eastern Mediterranean Region 3. Mental health resources in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 4. Child and adolescent mental health research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 4.1 Research on mental health of children and adolescents in conflict areas 4.2 Research on interventions and treatment 5. Barriers to child and adolescent mental health research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 5.1 Stigma associated with psychiatric disorders 5.2 Shortage of mental health professionals and trainings 5.3 Insufficient resources and lack of validated screening and diagnostic tools 6. Recommendations to strengthen child and adolescent mental health research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 7. Conclusion References 13 - Child and adolescent psychiatry training in the Arab Gulf region 1. Introduction 2. The population of Arab States of the Gulf 3. Child and adolescent mental health disorders in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries 4. Child psychiatry certification bodies in Gulf Cooperation Council countries 5. Child and adolescent psychiatry training in Gulf Cooperation Council countries 5.1 State of Kuwait 5.2 State of Qatar 5.3 Sultanate of Oman 5.4 Kingdom of Bahrain 5.5 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 5.6 The United Arab Emirates 6. Conclusions References Index A B C D E G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V Back Cover