Veterinary Ophthalmic Surgery

Description

Master animal eye surgery techniques with this comprehensive, step-by-step guide! Veterinary Ophthalmic Surgery, 2nd Edition is the resource of choice for all types of ophthalmic surgical procedures across all animal species. Not only does this book include illustrated guidelines and step-by-step procedures, but it also covers surgical instrumentation, the operating room, and the use of anesthesia. Each aspect of ophthalmic surgery is described, including pre-, intra- and post-operative details. Internationally recognized editors Galatt and Plumber are joined by a team of expert contributors in providing authoritative solutions to key issues in animal ophthalmic surgery. Whatever your specialty, this is the only eye surgery book you will ever need! Comprehensive coverage of extraocular and intraocular surgical procedures includes all of the different types of procedures performed by veterinarians and veterinary ophthalmologists.More than 1,050 high-quality color photographs and illustrations allow the practitioner to follow techniques step by step.Pictorial reference includes multiple presentations of many ophthalmic diseases to show the various ways the condition may appear.Comprehensive guidelines in each surgery chapter include anatomy, indications for surgery or other medical therapies, the available surgical procedures, postoperative management, success rates, and postoperative complications, followed by any modifications for large animals and special species.Enhanced eBook included with every new print purchase provides users with the complete, fully searchable text plus a superb collection of online videos demonstrating actual ophthalmic surgical procedures.NEW! Chapters on microsurgery, equine, ruminants, and pet and zoo animalsNEW! Approximately 50 additional medical illustrationsNEW! Surgical techniques and proceduresNEW! Updated instrumentation Front Cover Veterinary Ophthalmic Surgery Copyright Page Contents Contributors Acknowledgments Preface I. Essentials 1 Surgical Instrumentation Introduction Design of Ophthalmic Instruments Ophthalmic Surgical Instruments Eyelid Specula Tissue Forceps Eyelid/Chalazion Forceps Conjunctival Forceps Corneal, Limbal, and Scleral Forceps Suture and Tying Forceps Iris Forceps Anterior Lens Capsule Forceps IOL Instrumentation Intraocular Forceps Scissors Conjunctival Scissors Corneal Scissors Corneoscleral or Corneal Section Cataract Scissors Iris Scissors Intraocular Scissors Instruments Used During Phacoemulsification Knives Needle Holders Spatulas/Retractors/Loops Cannulae for Intraocular Injections Calipers Rings Adaptations for Large Animal and Special Species Ophthalmic Surgeries Surgical Instruments for Ophthalmic Surgeries Recommended Instruments for Orbital Surgeries Recommended Surgical Instruments for Eyelid Surgeries Recommended Surgical Instruments for Conjunctival and Corneal Surgeries Recommended Surgical Instruments for Intraocular Surgeries and Cataract Extractions Instruments for Vitreoretinal Surgeries Ophthalmic Sutures and Needles Instrument Care, Storage, and Sterilization Further Reading 2 The Operating Room Introduction Magnification Head-Mounted Magnifiers Head Loupes Operating Microscopes Operating Microscope Components Mounting Systems Illumination Optical System Recording Equipment XY Systems Microscope Focusing Fogging Eyepieces Corneal Drying and Retinal Phototoxicity Illumination Chairs for Ophthalmic Surgery Patient Preparation Clipping of Hair and Eye Protection Cleansing and Disinfection Patient Positioning Surgeon Positioning Draping Irrigation Sponges/Swabs Basic Operative Approach Stay Sutures Flieringa or FlierinGa–LeGrand Fixation Rings Lateral Canthotomy General Anesthesia/Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Problems with Enophthalmia Retrobulbar Injections Hemostasis Local Epinephrine Electrocautery Electroepilation Cryotherapy Laser Therapy Laser Basics Laser Delivery Laser Choice Laser Applications Laser Safety Perioperative Drugs Viscoelastics Postsurgical Consideration Patient Recovery/Restraint Subpalpebral Lavage Systems Further Reading 3 Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery Introduction Role of General Anesthesia Ophthalmic Effects of General Anesthetics Intraocular Pressure Corneal Drying and Exposure Oculorespiratory Cardiac Reflex Eye Position Pupil Size Extraocular Muscular Tone Indications for and Effects of Sedation Effects of Preanesthetic Medications Effects of Injectable General Anesthetics Effects of Inhalational Anesthetics Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Ophthalmic Drug and Anesthetic Drug Interactions Systemic Diseases and General Anesthesia Local or Regional Eyelid Injections/Nerve Blocks Eyelid Injections/Nerve Blocks in the Dog and Cat Eyelid Injections/Nerve Blocks in the Horse Eyelid Injections/Nerve Blocks in the Cow Retrobulbar Injections/Nerve Blocks in Animals Retrobulbar Injections/Nerve Blocks in Dogs Retrobulbar Injections/Nerve Blocks in Cats Retrobulbar Injections/Nerve Blocks in Horses Retrobulbar Injections/Nerve Blocks in Cattle Complications of Retrobulbar Injections/Nerve Blocks Considerations for General Anesthesia for Selected Ophthalmic Surgical Procedures in Different Species Orbital Surgery Eyelid Surgery Nasolacrimal Flush and Catheterization Conjunctival and Nictitating Membrane Surgeries Corneal and Intraocular Surgeries Recovery from General Anesthesia Adaptations for Large Animals and Special Species Horse Cattle Further Reading 4 Principles of Microsurgery Introduction Principles of Wound Closure Instrument Handling Incisions Handling Tissues During Incision Tissue Chatter Ophthalmic Sutures and Needles Sutures Suture Needles Suture Placement and Technique Knot Tying Principles and Techniques Closure of Corneal Wounds Suture Pattern Selected References II. Small Animal (Dog & Cat) Ophthalmic 5 Surgery of the Orbit Introduction Defining the Margins of Orbital Disease Strabismus and Orbital Diseases Strabismus (Rectus Muscle) Surgery Ancillary Diagnostic Procedures Incomplete Lateral Orbital Walls in Canine and Feline Enophthalmia and Surgery Surgical Anatomy Canine Orbit Feline Orbit Surgical Pathophysiology Effect of Globe Development on Orbit Growth Traumatic Proptosis/Avulsion/Luxation of the Globe Orbital Fractures Orbital Inflammations: Acute and Chronic Orbital Neoplasms Perioperative Medications Types of Orbital Surgical Procedures Enucleation Procedures in Small Animals Subconjunctival Enucleation Transpalpebral (‘En Bloc’) Enucleation Lateral Enucleation Evisceration with Intraocular Prosthesis in Small Animals Exenteration Berggren–Håkansson Exenteration Procedure Removal of Prolapsed Retrobulbar Fat Orbitotomy in Small Animals Indications for Orbitotomy Lateral Orbitotomy Dorsal Orbitotomy Anterior (or Transfrontal) Orbitotomy Transoral Orbitotomy Total and Partial Orbitectomy Orbital Fracture Repair Surgical Management of Traumatic Proptosis in Small Animals Surgical Augmentation of Orbital Volume in Small Animals Postoperative Care and Management Postoperative Complications and Treatment Enucleation Evisceration Exenteration Orbitotomy Posttraumatic Proptosis Short- and Long-Term Results Enucleation Evisceration Exenteration Orbitotomy Traumatic Proptosis Further Reading 6 Surgery of the Eyelids Introduction Diseases of the Canine and Feline Eyelids Adaptations from Eyelid Surgeries in humans Anatomy Eyelid Skin, Cilia (Eyelashes), and Glands Eyelid Muscles Eyelid Tarsal Layer and Glands Palpebral Conjunctiva Eyelid Sensation Eyelid Innervation Eyelid Blood Supply and Lymphatics Eyelid Function Preoperative Examination Diagnostics Surgical Considerations Surgical Instrumentation Surgical Preparations of the Eyelids Tarsorrhaphy Permanent Tarsorrhaphy Temporary Tarsorrhaphy Postoperative Care and Complications after Tarsorrhaphy Lateral Canthotomy Surgeries for Eyelid Agenesis Roberts and Bistner Procedure Dziezyc and Millichamp Procedure Modified Lip-to-Lid Procedure Postoperative Management and Complications of Myocutaneous Pedicle Grafts Surgeries for Distichiasis Postoperative Management and Complications after Distichia Surgery Surgical Procedures for Ectopic Cilia Surgeries for Entropion Nonsurgical Treatment of Entropion Temporary eversion: “tacking” Quikert–Rathbun Procedure Surgical Management of Entropion Hotz–Celsus Procedure for Entropion Modification of Hotz–Celsus Technique for Medial Entropion Bigelbach Modification for Medial Entropion Modification of the Hotz–Celsus Method for Lateral Canthal Entropion ‘Y’ to ‘V’ Plasty for Entropion Central Tarsal Pedicle for Entropion (Wyman) Combined Entropion–Distichiasis Procedure Stades Combined Entropion–Trichiasis Procedure Modified Hotz–Celsus Procedure for Entropion and Ectropion Face Lift/Skinfold Excision and Rhytidectomy Modified Brow Suspension Technique Surgeries for Lateral Canthal Entropion in Large Breeds Arrowhead Procedure for Lateral Canthal Entropion Lateral Canthoplasty by Wyman Lateral Canthoplasty with Suture Robertson’s Lateral Canthal Tendonectomy Postoperative Management and Complications Surgical Procedures for Ectropion Lateral Eyelid Wedge Excision ‘V’ to Y’ Plasty (Wharton–Jones Procedure) Kuhnt–Szymanowski Procedure Modified Kuhnt–Helmbold Procedure Modified Kuhnt–Szymanowski Procedure (Munger and Carter) Postoperative Management and Complications Surgeries for Combined Ectropion and Entropion Bigelbach’s Lateral Tarsorrhaphy-Canthoplasty Bedford’s Modification of the Kuhnt–Szymanowski Technique Grussendorf Procedure Surgeries to Reduce Palpebral Fissure Size Medial Canthoplasty Pocket Technique (Roberts and Jensen) Lateral Reduction Canthoplasty Lateral Canthoplasty (Fuchs) Lateral Canthoplasty (Wyman and Kaswan) Surgeries to Increase Palpebral Fissure Size Lateral Augmentation Canthotomy Arrowhead Procedure for Entropion with Lateral Canthotomy Nasal Fold Trichiasis and Resection in Dogs Surgical Treatment of Chalazion Surgical Repair of Eyelid Lacerations Surgeries for Minor Eyelid Neoplasms Partial Thickness Lid Excision of Eyelid Masses ‘V’ Full-Thickness Excision Four-Sided Full-Thickness Excision Postoperative Management and Complications Reconstructive Blepharoplasty Sliding Skin Graft ‘Z’ Plasty Skin Flap Semicircular Skin Grafts Sliding Skin Flaps Combined with Tarsoconjunctival Grafts Full-Thickness Lid Grafts (Bucket-Handle or Cutler–Beard Method) Large Pedicle Skin or Skin-Muscle Grafts Postoperative Management and Complications Further Reading 7 Surgery of Nasolacrimal Apparatus and Tear Systems Introduction Nasolacrimal Apparatus Surgical Anatomy Diagnostics for the Nasolacrimal Drainage Apparatus Nasolacrimal Catheterization or Stenting Surgical Procedures for the Nasolacrimal Apparatus Surgery for Imperforate Lacrimal Punctum Enlargement of the Lower Lacrimal Punctum Displacement of the Lower Lacrimal Punctum Lacerations of the Canaliculi Dacryocystotomy Conjunctivorhinostomy (Caudal Nasal Cavity) Conjunctival Maxillary Sinusotomy (Into The Maxillary Sinus) Conjunctivobuccostomy Surgical Approaches to Dacryops Surgery for Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Surgical Anatomy Treatment of Acute Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Surgical Treatment of Medical Refractory Chronic Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca by Parotid Duct Transposition In Dogs and Cats Surgical Procedure Oral Approach for Parotid Duct Transposition in Dogs Postoperative Management and Results Results of Parotid Duct Transposition Postoperative Complications Further Reading 8 Surgical Procedures for the Conjunctiva and the Nictitating Membrane Introduction Conjunctival Anatomy Anatomy of the Nictitans Bulbar/Palpebral Conjunctival Biopsy (Punch/Snip) Surgical Repair of Conjunctival Lacerations Surgical Repair of Conjunctival Defects Surgical Treatment for Symblepharon Conjunctival Grafts/Transplantation Conjunctiva Autografts Conjunctiva to Conjunctiva Buccal Mucosa Autografts to Conjunctiva ConjunctivaL Autografts to Cornea Complete (360° or Gundersen-type) Bulbar Conjunctival Graft Modified Complete (360°) Bulbar Conjunctival Graft with Two Suture Lines Advancement (Hood or 180°) Bulbar Conjunctival Grafts Bridge Bulbar Conjunctival Grafts Pedicle Bulbar Conjunctival Grafts Pedicle Tarsopalpebral Conjunctival Grafts Island Transpalpebral Conjunctival Grafts Corneoconjunctival Autograft/Transposition Postoperative Patient Management, Success Rates, and Potential Complications Permanent Conjunctival Grafts Substitute Materials for Conjunctival Grafts Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa (SIS) Grafts Amniotic Grafts as Conjunctival Substitutes Other Tissues for Conjunctival Substitutes Surgeries of the Nictitans Surgical Treatment of Everted Nictitans Surgical Treatment for Hyperplastic Lymphoid Follicles Surgical Procedures for Protrusion of the Gland of the Nictitating Membrane or “Cherry Eye” Posterior (Bulbar) Nictitans Anchoring Approach Anterior Nictitans (Palpebral) Anchoring Approach Intranictitans Tacking Procedure Conjunctival Mucosa Envelope Procedure Conjunctival Mucosa Pocket Procedure Postoperative Results and Complications Surgical Procedures for Prominent/Protruded Nictitans Nictitating Membrane Flaps Nictitating Membrane Flap: Conjunctival Fornix Nictitating Membrane Flap: Blogg and Helper Modification Nictitating Membrane Flap: Episcleral Fixation Postoperative Management and Complications Partial/Complete Excision of the Nictitans Further Reading 9 Surgery of the Cornea and Sclera Introduction Surgical Anatomy Pathophysiology Perioperative Treatment Surgical Instrumentation Surgical Procedures for Superficial Corneal Diseases Superficial Keratectomy (Partial and Complete) Postoperative Complications Superficial Punctate, Grid, and Linear Keratotomies Superficial Punctate Keratotomy Superficial Grid Keratotomy Diamond Burr Debridement Corneal Biopsy Surgical Procedures for Deep Corneal Ulcerations Primary Closure of Small, Deep Corneal Ulcers Conjunctival Autografts Corneoscleral and Corneoconjunctival Transpositions Biomaterial Grafts for Corneal Diseases Biosynthetic Collagen Grafts Amniotic Membrane Grafts Corneal Adhesives Surgery for Corneal Lacerations Preoperative Medical Treatment Partial-Thickness Corneal Lacerations Penetrating Corneal Lacerations With or Without IRIS Prolapse Penetrating Corneal Lacerations and Anterior Lens Capsule Tears With or Without IRIS Prolapse Surgery for Corneal Foreign Bodies Corneal Grafts/Keratoplasty Preparation of Donor Corneas Instrumentation for Keratoplasties Indications for Keratoplasty Preoperative Treatment Preparation of Corneal Donor Graft Autogenous Sliding Lamellar Grafts Homologous Lamellar Corneal Grafts Autogenous Rotating Full-Thickness Corneal Grafts Homologous Full-Thickness/Penetrating Corneal Grafts Frozen (Tectonic) Corneal Grafts Heterologous Corneal Grafts in Small Animals Descemet’s Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty Thermokeratoplasty Surgical Treatment of Limbal and Scleral Diseases Local Excision with Partial-Thickness Scleral Excision Preparation of Scleral Donor Material Excision of Limbal Melanoma with Full-Thickness Scleral Homograft Postoperative Management and Results Laser Treatment of Limbal Melanomas Further Reading 10 Surgical Procedures of the Anterior Chamber and Anterior Uvea Introduction Surgical Anatomy Limbus IRIS Ciliary Body Iridocorneal Angle Pathophysiology Perioperative Considerations Surgery of the Anterior Chamber Aqueocentesis/Anterior Chamber Paracentesis Corneal/Limbal Incisions Surgical Treatment of Hypopyon, Hyphema, and Anterior Chamber Foreign Body or Parasites Surgery for Hypopyon Surgical Removal/Aspiration Surgery for Hyphema Enzymatic Therapy for Hyphema Anterior Chamber Foreign Body and Parasites Postoperative Management and Complications Surgical Procedures of the Anterior Uvea Iridotomy Sphincterotomy Coreoplasty Sectoral Iridectomy/Iridal Biopsy Surgical Treatment of IRIS Bombé Iridocyclectomy/Iridociliary Biopsy Laser Treatment of Anterior Uveal Cysts Laser Treatment of Anterior Uveal Neoplasms Further Reading 11 Surgical Procedures for the Glaucomas Introduction Canine Glaucomas Feline Glaucomas Diagnostic and Monitoring Techniques Glaucoma Classification as a Guide To Therapy Medical and/or Surgical Treatment Surgical Anatomy Preoperative Treatment Surgical Procedures for the Glaucomas Historical Glaucoma Surgeries in Humans and Dogs Aqueous Humor Filtering Procedures Anterior Chamber Shunts/Gonioimplants Progression of Implant Design Valved vs. Nonvalved Systems Size of the Implant Shape of the Implant Size of the Anterior Chamber Tubing Biocompatibility of Implant Material Position of the Implant’s Episcleral Base Wound Healing after Glaucoma Filtration Surgery Shunts to Other Areas Surgical Procedures for Anterior Chamber Shunts Anterior Chamber Shunt to the Frontal Sinus Postoperative Management Following Gonioimplantation Complications and Results of Anterior Chamber Shunts Cyclodestructive Procedures Cyclocryothermy Transscleral Laser Cyclophotocoagulation Diode Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation Pharmacological Ablation of the Ciliary Body Eye Removal Further Reading 12 Surgical Procedures of the Lens and Cataract Introduction Cataract Classifications Types of Cataracts History of Cataract Surgery in Dogs Development of the Intraocular Lens in Animals Intraocular Lens in the Dog Intraocular Lens in the Cat Surgical Anatomy Normal Lens Anatomy Surgical Pathophysiology Patient Selection Age Temperament Concurrent Eye Disease Maturity of Cataract Diabetes Mellitus Unilateral Cataracts Bilateral Cataract Surgery Intraocular Pressure Preoperative Electroretinography and Ultrasonography Risk for Retinal Detachment in Certain Breeds Nonsurgical Treatment of Cataracts Medical Treatment of Cataracts Spontaneous Cataract Resorption in Young (< 3.0 Years) Dogs Axial Nonprogressive Cataracts and Long-Term Mydriasis Secondary Cataracts and Iridocyclitis Blind Animals Continued Monitoring of Nonsurgical Cataractous Patients Preoperative Preparation Perioperative Medications Surgical Procedures for Cataracts and Lens Removal Anterior Chamber Entry for Cataract and Lens Extraction Peripheral Iridectomies Capsulorrhexis and Anterior Capsulectomies Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis Can-Opener Method Modifications Phacoemulsification Fundamentals of Phacoemulsification Irrigation and Delivery of Fluids to the Anterior Chamber Aspiration and Vacuum Levels Ultrasonic or Cutting System Ultrasonic Needles Irrigation-Aspiration Handpiece Corneal Damage During Phacoemulsification Fundamental Phacoemulsification Procedures One- and Two-Handed Phacoemulsification Phacoemulsification in the Dog Hydrodissection Phacoemulsification of the Cataract Divide-and-Conquer Technique Chip-and-Flip Technique Phaco-Chop Technique Sculpting and Lens Rotation Intraocular Lens Implantation Extracapsular Lens Extraction in Small Animals Intracapsular Cataract or Lens Extraction on Dogs and Cats Removal of the Unstable Lens in Dogs and Cats Operative Procedure Trans-Corneal Reduction CilIary Sulcus Intraocular Lens Fixation or Placement Postoperative Treatment and Management Postoperative Results and Complications Complications of Cataract Surgery Intraoperative Complications Inadequate Exposure Intraoperative Complications with Intraocular Lenses Miotic Pupil Expanding Vitreous Syndrome and Anterior Vitreous Presentation Aberrant and Radial Capsular Tears Excessive Fibrin Within the Aqueous Humor Intraoperative Bacterial Contamination Anterior and Posterior Capsular Opacities Short- and Long-Term Complications Iridocyclitis and Sequela Corneal Edema Acute or Transient Ocular Hypertension Corneal Ulcerations Bacterial and Sterile Endophthalmitis Surgical Wound Leakage Hyphema Postoperative Glaucoma or Aphakic (Pseudophakic) Glaucoma Fibropupillary and Inflammatory Membranes/Anterior, Intralenticular, and Posterior Capsular Fibrosis Intraocular Lens Complications Retinal Detachment Further Reading 13 Vitreoretinal Surgery Introduction Surgical Anatomy Surgical Pathophysiology Role of the Vitreous Cataract Surgery Inherited Cataracts and Lens-Induced Uveitis Inherited Retinal Dysplasia Predisposed Breeds Other Factors Retinal Detachments in Cats Types of Retinal Detachments Types of Vitreoretinal Surgeries Clinical Evaluation of Retinal Detachments Instrumentation for Vitreoretinal Surgeries Surgical Instruments Perfluorocarbon Gases Silicone Oil (SiO) Vitreal Aspiration and Removal Preoperative Considerations for Retinal Detachments Vitreoretinal Surgeries Surgery of the Vitreous Hyalocentesis/Vitreous Paracentesis Vitreous Aspiration Procedure Potential Complications After Hyalocentesis Intravitreal Injections Transpupillary Vitreal Aspirations Anterior/Partial Vitrectomy in Dogs Surgical Procedure Postoperative Management Chorioretinal Surgical Procedures Subretinal Fluid Aspiration Chorioretinal Biopsy Postoperative Management Types of Retinopexy Pneumatic Retinopexy Therapeutic Retinopexy Demarcation and Barrier Retinopexy Prophylactic Retinopexy Retinal Detachment Surgery Patient Selection Preoperative Medications Retinal Detachment Surgery with a Retinal Hole or Small Tear Exposure Localization of the Retinal Break Sealing the Retinal Break When Scleral Buckle Is Used Removal of Subretinal Fluids Closure Postoperative Management Pars Plana Retinal Detachment Surgery Intravitreal Gases Retinal Tacks Vitreal Bands Essential Vitreoretinal Instruments Surgical Procedure Exposure Peritomy Pars Plana Ports Intrascleral Venous Plexus Vitrectomy Retinal Breaks and Tears Exchange of Silicone for Perfluorocarbon Closure Postoperative Management Postoperative Complications Postoperative Glaucoma or Late-Onset Glaucoma Corneal Exposure and Ulceration Cataract Formation Scleral Buckle-Related Complications Retinal Complications Subretinal Gas (Sulfur Hexafluoride [SF6] and Perfluoropropane [C3F8]) Migration Silicone Oil Complications Other Complications Postoperative Results Further Reading III. Other Species 14 Equine Ophthalmic Surgery Introduction Orbital Surgery Surgical Anatomy Surgical Pathophysiology Globe Development on Orbit Growth Strabismus Orbital Inflammation: Acute and Chronic Orbital Neoplasms Perioperative Medications Types of Orbital Surgeries Local and Retrobulbar Nerve Blocks in the Horse Surgical Techniques Enucleation Indications Subconjunctival Enucleation Transpalpebral Enucleation Postoperative Management Implants to Improve Postoperative Appearance after Enucleation Intraorbital Silicone Prosthesis Evisceration and Intraocular Silicone Prosthesis Cosmetic Corneoscleral Conformer, Scleral Cosmetic Shell, and Corneoscleral Prosthesis Orbital Exenteration in Horses Postoperative Management after Exenteration Removal of Prolapsed Retrobulbar Fat Orbitotomies Indications for Orbitotomy Orbital Fractures Orbital Fracture Repair Traumatic Proptosis in Horses/Avulsion/Luxation of the Globe Augmentation of Orbital Volume Postoperative Care and Management Surgeries of the Eyelids Anatomy Eyelid Sensation Eyelid Innervation Eyelid Blood Supply and Lymphatics Preoperative Considerations Surgical Considerations of the Eyelids Surgical Instrumentation Surgical Preparations of the Eyelids Tarsorrhaphies Temporary Tarsorrhaphy in the Horse Permanent Tarosorrhaphy in the Horse Aftercare for Tarsorrhaphies Lateral Canthotomy Entropion Surgeries for Entropion Aftercare with Entropion Surgery Surgeries for Ectropion Eyelid Trauma Surgeries for Eyelid Neoplasia Blepharoplastic Procedures Four-Sided Excision Reconstructive Blepharoplasty Sliding Skin Graft or H-Plasty Tarsoconjunctival Advancement Grafts Sliding Z-Graft AfterCare for Blepharoplasty Adjunctive Therapeutic Modalities Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cryotherapy Radiofrequency Hyperthermia Immunotherapy Intralesional/Intratumoral Chemotherapy Radiation Therapy Carbon Dioxide Laser Sarcoid BCG Immunotherapy Intratumoral (Intralesional) Chemotherapy Cryotherapy and Radiofrequency Hyperthermia Brachytherapy Photodynamic Therapy Lacrimal and Nasolacrimal Surgeries Surgical Anatomy Clinical Diagnostic Tests Nasolacrimal Catheterization Surgeries for the Nasolacrimal Apparatus Lacerations of the Lacrimal Canaliculi Nasolacrimal Duct Obstructions Distal Nasolacrimal Duct Atresia in Foals Surgery for Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Parotid Duct Transposition in the Horse Surgeries of the Conjunctiva and Nictitans Conjunctival Anatomy Anatomy of the Nictitans Bulbar/Palpebral Conjunctival Biopsy (Punch/Snip) Surgical Repair of Conjunctival Lacerations and Defects Conjunctival Grafts and Transplantation Conjunctiva Autografts to Cornea Advancement (Hood or 180°) Bulbar Conjunctival Grafts Bridge Bulbar Conjunctival Grafts Pedicle Bulbar Cinjunctival Grafts Corneoconjunctival Autograft Postoperative Patient Management, Success Rates, and Potential Complications Surgeries of the Nictitans Nictitating Membrane Flaps Postoperative Management and Complications Partial/Complete Excision of the Nictitans Surgeries of the Cornea and Sclera Surgical Anatomy Corneal Diseases Perioperative Considerations Surgical Instrumentation for Corneal and Scleral Surgeries Surgical Procedures for Superficial Corneal Diseases Superficial Keratectomy (Partial and Complete) Superficial Punctate and Grid Keratotomies Diamond Burr Debridement Surgical Procedures for Deep Corneal Ulcerations Biomaterial Substitutes Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa (SIS) Grafts Porcine Bladder Submucosa Graft Amniotic Membrane Grafts Temporary Tarsorrhaphy Surgery for Corneal Lacerations Iris Prolapse Surgery for Corneal Foreign Bodies Corneal Adhesives Surgeries for Corneal Abscesses Penetrating Keratoplasty Split-Thickness Penetrating Keratoplasties Posterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Deep Lamellar Endothelial Keratoplasty Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK) Complications Thermokeratoplasty Surgeries for Immune-Mediated Keratitis Surgeries for Limbal and Scleral Diseases Cryotherapy Radiation Therapy Carbon Dioxide Laser Local Chemotherapy Surgeries of the Anterior Chamber and Anterior Uvea Surgical Anatomy Iris Ciliary Body Iridocorneal Angle Pathophysiology Perioperative Considerations Surgeries of the Anterior Chamber Anterior Chamber Paracentesis Surgery for Hyphema Enzymatic Therapy for Hyphema Anterior Chamber Foreign Bodies and Parasites Postoperative Management and Complications Surgeries of the Anterior Uvea Sectoral Iridectomy/Iridocyclectomy Photoablation of Enlarged and/or Cystic Corpora Nigra (Granula Iridica) Cyclosporine Implants for Treatment of Equine Recurrent Uveitis Suprachoroidal Implantation of the CsA Device Surgeries for the Glaucomas Diagnostic and Monitoring Techniques Medical and/or Surgical Treatment Surgical Anatomy Preoperative Treatment Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation Treatment of Blind and Painful Glaucomatous Eyes Pharmacological Ablation of the Ciliary Body Surgeries of the Lens and Cataracts Cataract Classification in Horses History of Cataract Surgery in Horses Equine Lens Anatomy Development of the Intraocular Lens for the Horse Patient Selection Maturity of Cataract Unilateral Cataracts Bilateral Cataract Surgery Intraocular Pressure Preoperative Electroretinography and Ultrasonography Foals with Cataracts Preoperative Preparation Perioperative Medications Surgeries for Cataracts and Lens Removal Phacoemulsification in the Horse Intracapsular Lens or Cataract Extraction Postoperative Results and Complications Vitreal Anatomy Surgical Pathophysiology Surgery of the Vitreous Hyalocentesis/Vitreous Paracentesis Intravitreal Injections Pars Plana (Anterior) Vitrectomy for Equine Recurrent Uveitis Patient Selection Pre- and Postoperative Medication Surgical Technique Technical Aspects Complications Long-Term Results Retinal Detachments in Horses Further Reading 15 Ophthalmic Surgeries in Production Animals Introduction Bovine Orbit Orbital Neoplasms Perioperative Medications Types of Orbital Surgical Procedures Enucleation of the Bovine Eye Regional Anesthesia and Surgical Preparation Transpalpebral Enucleation Surgical Technique Exenteration Postoperative Management Eyelid Surgeries Bovine Eyelid Anatomy Eyelid Innervation Eyelid Blood Supply and Lymphatics Preoperative Examination Procedures Surgical Instrumentation Surgical Preparations of the Eyelids Bovine Eyelid Surgeries Surgical Repair of Eyelid Lacerations Temporary Tarsorrhaphy Four-Sided or House Excision Sliding Skin Graft or H Plasty Cryotherapy Radiofrequency Hyperthermia Intralesional/Intratumoral Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy Radiation Therapy Conjunctiva and Nictitans Conjunctival and Nictitans Anatomy Surgeries of the Nictitans Nictitating Membrane Flaps Postoperative Management and Complications Partial/Complete Excision of the Nictitans Conjunctival Grafts Surgery of the Cornea and Sclera Corneal Anatomy Surgical Pathophysiology Perioperative Treatment Considerations Indications for Surgery Superficial Keratectomy Cryotherapy Hyperthermia Intraocular Surgery in Cattle Other Species Entropion in Sheep and Goats Lens Removal Surgery in Small Ruminants Surgery for Entropion and Periocular Fat Pads in Potbellied Pigs Further Reading 16 Ophthalmic Surgeries in Exotic and Zoo Species Introduction Orbit and Globe Rabbit Enucleation and Orbitotomy in Rabbits Avian Enucleation in Birds Transaural Enucleation Method for Owls Globe-Collapsing Enucleation Procedure for Birds Modified Evisceration for Enucleation in Birds Eyelid Surgeries Sea Turtles (Chelonia Tortuga):Surgeries to Excise Eyelid and Corneoconjunctival Tumors Eyelid Surgery in Big Cats with Lid Agenesis Nasolacrimal Disease Reptilia: Snakes Distal Nasolacrimal Duct Atresia in Llamas (Lama Glama) and Alpacas (Vicugna Pacos) Conjunctiva and Nictitans Conjunctival Grafts Surgery for Aberrant Conjunctival Overgrowth in Rabbits Glaucomas Lens and Cataract Surgeries Snakes Loggerhead Turtles Pet Birds and Penguins Raptors Rabbits Kangaroos Pinnipeds Tigers (Panthera Tigris) and Other Large Cats Llamas NonHuman Primates Further Reading Index