Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment

Description

For courses in Automotive Steering, Suspension, and Alignment.    Automotive Steering, Suspension and Alignment, 5e is organized around the ASE automobile test content area for Suspension and Steering (A4). Featuring complete coverage of parts, operation, design, and troubleshooting techniques, it correlates material to task lists specified by ASE and NATEF and emphasizes a diagnostic approach throughout. Chapter features include Tech Tips, Diagnostic Stories, High-Performance Tips, Frequently Asked Questions and more. Cover CONTENTS Chapter 1 SERVICE INFORMATION, TOOLS, AND SAFETY Objectives Key Terms Vehicle Identification Make, Model, and Year Vehicle Identification Number Vehicle Safety Certification Label VECI Label Calibration Codes Casting Numbers Service Information Service Manuals Electronic Service Information Technical Service Bulletins Internet Recalls and Campaigns Threaded Fasteners Bolts and Threads Fractional Bolts Metric Bolts Grades of Bolts Tensile Strength of Fasteners Nuts Washers Hand Tools Wrenches Safe Use of Wrenches Ratchets, Sockets, and Extensions Torque Wrenches Safe Use of Sockets and Ratchets Screwdrivers Safe Use of Screwdrivers Hammers and Mallets Safe Use of Hammers and Mallets Pliers Safe Use of Pliers Files Safe Use of Files Snips Utility Knife Safe Use of Cutters Punches Chisels Safe Use of Punches and Chisels Hacksaws Safe Use of Hacksaws Basic Hand Tool List Tool Sets and Accessories Electrical Hand Tools Test Light Soldering Guns Electrical Work Hand Tools Digital Meter Hand Tool Maintenance Trouble Lights Incandescent Fluorescent LED Trouble Light Air and Electrically Operated Tools Impact Wrench Air Ratchet Die Grinder Bench- or Pedestal-Mounted Grinder Personal Protective Equipment Safety Glasses Steel-Toed Safety Shoes Bump Cap Hearing Protection Gloves Safety Precautions Vehicle Protection Fender Covers Interior Protection Safety Lifting (Hoisting) a Vehicle Jacks and Safety Stands Drive-On Ramps Electrical Cord Safety Jump Starting and Battery Safety Fire Extinguishers Types of Fire Extinguishers Fire Blankets First Aid and Eye Wash Stations First Aid Kit Eye Wash Station Hybrid Electric Vehicle Safety Issues Toyota Prius Ford Escape/Mercury Mariner Honda Civic Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Pickup Truck SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Objectives Key Terms Hazardous Waste Definition of Hazardous Waste Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Federal and State Laws Occupational Safety and Health Act EPA Right-to-Know Laws Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Clean Air Act Asbestos Hazards Asbestos OSHA Standards Asbestos EPA Regulations Asbestos Handling Guidelines Used Brake Fluid Storage and Disposal of Brake Fluid Used Oil Storage and Disposal of Used Oil Solvents Effects of Chemical Poisoning Hazardous Solvents and Regulatory Status Used Solvents Coolant Disposal Lead–Acid Battery Waste Battery Disposal Battery Handling and Storage Fuel Safety and Storage Airbag Handling Used Tire Disposal Air-Conditioning Refrigerant Oil Disposal Waste Chart SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 3 TIRES AND WHEELS Objectives Key Terms Introduction to Tires Parts of a Tire Tread Sidewall Bead Body Ply Belt Inner Liner Major Splice Tire Molding Metric Designation American Metric Tire Size Designations Service Description High-Flotation Tire Sizes Load Index and Equivalent Loads Speed Ratings Tire Pressure and Traction Tire Conicity and Ply Steer Vehicle Handling and Tire Slip Angle Rim Width and Tire Size Uniform Tire Quality Grading System Tread Wear Traction Temperature Resistance All-Season Tire Designation Dot Tire Code Spare Tires Run-Flat Tires PAX Run-Flat Tires Servicing a PAX Wheel/Tire Assembly General Motors TPC Rating Tire Selection Considerations Wheels Wheel Offset Positive Offset Negative Offset Back Spacing Determining Bolt Circle Steel Wheels Aluminum Wheels Tire Valves Unsprung Weight Lug Nuts Size Lug Studs SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 4 TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEMS Objectives Key Terms Need for Tire Pressure Monitoring Background Low Tire Pressure Effects Cold Placard Inflation Pressure Indirect TPMS Purpose and Function Compensation for Cornering Advantages Disadvantages Diagnosis of Indirect TPMS Relearn (Reset) Procedures Tread Act Warning Lamp Twenty-Five Percent Rule Identifying a Vehicle with TPMS Rubber Tire Valve Stems Aluminum Tire Valve Stems TPMS Pressure Sensors Types Modes of Operation TPMS Sensor Operation TPMS Receiver Direct TPMS Diagnosis Warning Light On Warning Light Flashing Installing a New Pressure Sensor TPMS Diagnostic Tools Scan Tools TPMS Sensor Activations Activating the Sensor TPMS Relearn Procedure TPMS Sensor Service Tools Items Needed HandHeld Testers SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 5 TIRE AND WHEEL SERVICE Objectives Key Terms Tire Inflation Nitrogen Inflation Tire Mounting Recommendations Wheel Mounting Torque Tire Rotation Tire Inspection Radial Runout Correcting Radial Runout Lateral Runout Correcting Lateral Runout Tire Balancing Static Balance Dynamic Balance Prebalance Checks Wheel Weights Bubble Balancer Computer Balancer Replacement Wheels Tire Repair SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 6 SUSPENSION SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND OPERATION Objectives Key Terms Introduction Frame Construction Ladder Frame Perimeter Frame Stub-Type Frames Unit-Body Construction Space Frame Construction Platforms Unsprung Weight Types of Suspensions Springs Hooke’s Law Coil Springs Spring Rate Spring Frequency Wheel Rate Coil Spring Mounting Spring Coatings Leaf Springs Composite Leaf Springs Torsion Bars Suspension Principles Steering Knuckles Control Arms Ball Joints Ball Joint Design Strut Rods Stabilizer Bars Shock Absorbers Shock Absorber Operation Gas-Charged Shocks Air Shocks/Struts Air Springs Struts MacPerson Struts Modified Struts Bump Stops SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 7 FRONT SUSPENSION AND SERVICE Objectives Key Terms Front Suspension Types Solid Axles Kingpins Twin I-Beams Short/Long-Arm Suspensions Strut Suspension Servicing the Suspension System Road Test Diagnosis Dry Park Test (Suspension) Visual Inspection Ball Joints Diagnosis and Inspection Ball Joint Removal Kingpin Diagnosis and Service Shock Absorbers and Struts Diagnosis Front Shock Replacement MacPherson Strut Replacement Stabilizer Bar Link and Bushings Diagnosis Replacement Strut Rod Bushings Diagnosis Replacement Front Coil Springs Diagnosis Replacement Steering Knuckles Diagnosis Replacement Torsion Bars Adjustment Control Arm Bushings Diagnosis Replacement SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 8 REAR SUSPENSION AND SERVICE Objectives Key Terms Solid Rear Axles Leaf Spring Rear Suspensions Trailing Arm Rear Suspensions Semi-Trailing Arm Rear Suspensions Independent Rear Suspensions Semi-Independent Rear Suspensions Rear Suspension Service Rear Shock Replacement Precautions Air Shock Installation Rear Spring Replacement Rear Coil Springs Rear Leaf Springs SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 9 ELECTRONIC SUSPENSION SYSTEMS Objectives Key Terms The Need for Electronic Suspensions Electronic Suspension Controls and Sensors Height Sensors General Motors Electronic Suspension Sensors Steering Wheel Position Sensor Vehicle Speed Sensor Pressure Sensor Lateral Accelerometer Sensor Yaw Rate Sensor Driver Selector Switch Electronic Suspension System Actuators Solenoids Actuator Motors Types of Electronic Suspension Selectable Ride (SR) Automatic Level Control Air Suspension (AS) Variable-Rate Air Springs General Motors Computer Command Ride Real-Time Dampening and Road-Sensing Suspension Bi-State and Tri-State Dampers Automatic Level Control (ALC) Inflator or Compressor Relay Compressor Magneto-Rheological (MR) Suspension Troubleshooting Rear Electronic Leveling Systems SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 10 ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL SYSTEMS Objectives Key Terms The Need for Electronic Stability Control Purpose and Function System Requirements Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 126 Sine with Dwell Test Names of Various ESC Systems ESC Sensors Steering Wheel Position Sensor Vehicle Speed Sensor Lateral Acceleration Sensor Yaw Rate Sensor Traction Control Purpose and Function System Components Traction Control Operation Traction Active Lamp Traction Deactivation Switch ESC/TC Diagnosis SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 11 STEERING COLUMNS AND GEARS Objectives Key Terms Steering Wheels Horn Operation Airbags Steering Columns Steering Shaft Universal Joint Flexible Coupling Column Cover Collapsible Column Tilt Mechanisms Telescoping Steering Columns Steering Column Construction Conventional Steering Gears Steering Gear Ratio Recirculating Ball Steering Gear Steering Gear Adjustments Rack-and-Pinion Steering Gear Parts and Operation Rack-and-Pinion Adjustments SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 12 STEERING LINKAGE AND SERVICE Objectives Key Terms Steering Linkage Tie Rod Ends Rack-and-Pinion Inner Tie Rod Ends Staked Riveted or Pinned Center Take-Off Racks Front Steer versus Rear Steer Four-Wheel Steering Systems Quadrasteer Rear Wheel Steering Control Module Rear Wheel Steering Mode Switch Steering Linkage Lubrication Dry Park Test Common Wear Items Under-Vehicle Inspection Steering Linkage Replacement Parallelogram Type Service of Ball Socket Assemblies SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 13 POWER-ASSISTED STEERING OPERATION AND SERVICE Objectives Key Terms Power Steering Hydraulic Systems Power Steering Pump and Reservoir Power Steering Hoses Integral Power Steering Integral Standard Steering Gear Rotary Control Valve Power Rack-and-Pinion Steering Flow Control Valve Operation Variable-Effort Steering Electronic Variable Orifice (EVO) System Components Two-Flow Electronic (TFE) System SSS System Magnasteer Electric Power Steering System Steering Shaft Torque Sensor Steering Wheel Position Sensor Power Steering Motor Power Steering Control Module (PSCM) Self-Parking System Diagnosis and Testing Electrohydraulic Power Steering EHPS Module Power Steering Diagnosis and Troubleshooting Power Steering Fluid Power Steering Fluid Flushing Procedure Bleeding Air out of the System Hose Inspection Pressure Testing Pump Service SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 14 WHEEL BEARINGS AND SERVICE Objectives Key Terms Antifriction Bearings Purpose and Function Ball Bearings Roller Bearings Tapered Roller Bearings Inner and Outer Wheel Bearings Standard Bearing Sizes Sealed Front-Wheel-Drive Bearings Bearing Greases Definition of Grease Grease Additives NLGI Classification Seals Purpose and Function Types of Seals Bearing Diagnosis Symptoms of a Defective Bearing Determining Bearing Noise from Tire Noise Testing a Wheel Bearing Wheel Bearing Service Sealed Bearing Replacement Rear Drive Axle Classifications Full-Floating Axle Three-Quarter-Floating Axle Semi-Floating Axle Rear Axle Bearing and Seal Replacement Retainer Plate-Type Rear Axles C-Lock-Type Axles Bearing Failure Analysis Metal Fatigue Electrical Arcing Shock Loading SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 15 DRIVE AXLE SHAFTS AND CV JOINTS Objectives Key Terms Driveshaft Design Driveshaft Balance U-Joint Design and Operation Acceptable Working Angles Constant Velocity Joints Outer CV Joints Inner CV Joints Drive Axle Shafts CV Joint Boot Materials CV Joint Grease SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 16 DRIVE AXLE SHAFT AND CV JOINT SERVICE Objectives Key Terms Driveshaft and U-Joint Inspection U-Joint Replacement U-Joint Working Angles CV Joint Diagnosis Replacement Shaft Assemblies CV Joint Service SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 17 WHEEL ALIGNMENT PRINCIPLES Objectives Key Terms Definition of a Wheel Alignment Alignment-Related Problems Pull Lead or Drift Road Crown Effects Wander Stiff Steering or Slow Return to Center Tramp or Shimmy Vibration Camber Caster Toe Steering Axis Inclination (SAI) Included Angle Scrub Radius Turning Radius (Toe-Out on Turns) Setback Thrust Angle Tracking Four-Wheel Alignment SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 18 ALIGNMENT DIAGNOSIS AND SERVICE Objectives Key Terms Prealignment Correction Techniques Prealignment Checks Lead/Pull Diagnosis Memory Steer Diagnosis Correction Torque Steer Diagnosis Correction Alignment Specifications Reading Alignment Specifications Degrees, Minutes, and Fractions Finding the Midpoint of Specifications Alignment Setup Procedures Measuring Camber, Caster, SAI, Toe, and TOOT Camber Caster SAI Toe TOOT Specifications Versus Alignment Readings Checking for Bent Struts, Spindles, or Control Arms Checking Frame Alignment of Front-Wheel-Drive Vehicles Types of Alignments Geometric Centerline Thrust Line Four-Wheel Alignment Sample Alignment Specifications and Readings Adjusting Rear Camber Using Plastic or Metal Alignment Shims Adjusting Rear Toe Guidelines for Adjusting Front Camber/SAI and Included Angle Front Camber/Caster Adjustment Methods Adjusting Front Camber/Caster Setting Toe Centering the Steering Wheel Steering Wheel Removal Tolerance Adjustment Procedure Aftermarket Alignment Methods Aligning Electronic-Suspension Vehicles Aligning Modified Vehicles Hidden Structural Damage Diagnosis Frame/Body Diagonals Alignment Guide SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Chapter 19 VIBRATION AND NOISE DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION Objectives Key Terms Causes of Vibration and Noise Test Drive Neutral Run-up Test Vibration During Braking Vibration Speed Ranges Vibration Order Tire and Wheel Vibrations Driveline Vibrations Engine-Related Vibrations Frequency Measuring Frequency Correcting Low-Frequency Vibrations Correcting Medium-Frequency Vibrations Correcting High-Frequency Vibrations Correcting Driveline Angles Checking Driveshaft Runout Measuring Driveshaft U-Joint Phasing Companion Flange Runout Balancing the Driveshaft Noise Diagnosis Noise Correction SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS CHAPTER QUIZ Appendix 1 SAMPLE SUSPENSION AND STEERING (A4) ASE CERTIFICATION TEST Appendix 2 DOT TIRE CODES Appendix 3 ASE CERTIFICATION TEST CORRELATION CHART Appendix 4 NATEF CORRELATION CHART ENGLISH GLOSSARY A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U V W Z SPANISH GLOSSARY A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z INDEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z