Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Description

Magnetic Nanoparticles Learn how to make and use magnetic nanoparticles in energy research, electrical engineering, and medicine In Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications, a team of distinguished engineers and chemists delivers an insightful overview of magnetic materials with a focus on nano-sized particles. The book reviews the foundational concepts of magnetism before moving on to the synthesis of various magnetic nanoparticles and the functionalization of nanoparticles that enables their use in specific applications. The authors also highlight characterization techniques and the characteristics of nanostructured magnetic materials, like superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. Advanced applications of magnetic nanoparticles in energy research, engineering, and medicine are also discussed, and explicit derivations and explanations in non-technical language help readers from diverse backgrounds understand the concepts contained within. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to magnetic materials, including the theory and fundamentals of magnetization In-depth explorations of the types and characteristics of soft and hard magnetic materials Comprehensive discussions of the synthesis of nanostructured magnetic materials, including the importance of various preparation methods Expansive treatments of the surface modification of magnetic nanoparticles, including the technical resources employed in the process Perfect for materials scientists, applied physicists, and measurement and control engineers, Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of inorganic chemists. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Preface Chapter 1 Introduction to Magnetic Materials 1.1 Theory and Fundamentals of Magnetization 1.2 Type of Magnetism 1.2.1 Diamagnetism 1.2.2 Paramagnetism 1.2.3 Ferromagnetism 1.2.4 Antiferromagnetism 1.2.5 Ferrimagnetism 1.3 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Characteristics of Magnetic Materials 1.3.1 Intrinsic Properties 1.3.1.1 Saturation Magnetization (Ms) 1.3.1.2 Curie Temperature (TC) 1.3.1.3 Magnetic Anisotropy 1.3.2 Extrinsic Properties References Chapter 2 Type and Characteristics of Magnetic Materials 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials 2.2.1 Soft Magnetic Materials 2.2.2 Hard Magnetic Materials 2.3 Hysteresis Loop 2.3.1 The Process of Hysteresis Loop Formation 2.3.2 Domain Orientation in Directions Favorable to the Applied Field 2.4 Magnetic Characteristic Measurements 2.4.1 M–H Hysteresis Loop 2.4.2 B–H Hysteresis Loop 2.5 Magnetic Losses 2.5.1 Eddy Current Losses 2.5.2 Residual Losses 2.5.3 Hysteresis Losses References Chapter 3 Insight into the Synthesis of Nanostructured Magnetic Materials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Synthesis Process of the Magnetic Nanoparticles 3.3 Importance of the Synthesis and/or Preparation Methods 3.4 Dependency of Particle Size and Shape on Synthesize Route 3.5 Questions Related to the Selected Synthesis Route 3.6 Dependency of Magnetic Behaviors on Particle/Grain Size 3.7 Dependency of Magnetic Behaviors on Particle/Grain Shape 3.8 Introduction to Wet‐Chemical Synthesis Route 3.8.1 Microemulsion 3.8.2 Hydrothermal Method 3.8.3 Co‐precipitation 3.8.4 Sonochemical 3.8.5 Sol–Gel Method 3.8.6 Thermal Decomposition 3.8.7 Solvothermal 3.8.8 Microwave‐Assisted Route 3.8.9 Green‐Assisted Synthesis Route 3.9 Introduction to Solid‐State Routes to Synthesize Magnetic Nanoparticles 3.9.1 A Standard Ceramic Route 3.9.2 Mechanical Alloying (MA) Process 3.10 Some Methods for Extraction of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles from Industrial Wastes 3.10.1 Magnetic Separation Technique (MST) 3.10.2 Curie Temperature Separation Technique 3.10.3 Oxidation of Wuestite References Chapter 4 Parallel Evolution of Microstructure‐Magnetic Properties Relationship in Nanostructured Ferrites 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Insights into a Sintering Phenomenon 4.2.1 Magnetism‐Microstructure Parallel Evolution in Yttrium Iron Garnet 4.2.2 Magnetism‐Microstructure Parallel Evolution in Hard Ferrites 4.2.3 Magnetism‐Microstructure Parallel Evolution in Soft Ferrites 4.3 Soaking or Sintering Time 4.4 Heating Rate 4.5 Trends of Sintering: Single‐Sample and Multi‐Sample Sintering 4.6 Conclusion and Perspective Outlook References Chapter 5 Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Employed Technical Resources for Surface Modification 5.2.1 Plasma Treatment 5.2.2 Corona Discharge 5.2.3 Parylene Coating 5.2.4 Photolysis 5.2.5 Other Methods and Examples 5.3 Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Surfactant 5.4 Current Trends for Surface Modification of Nanomaterials 5.4.1 Chemical Functionalization 5.4.2 Physical Functionalization 5.5 Surface Modification Based on Organic Reactions 5.6 Surface Modification Based on Polymerization 5.7 Surface Modification with Inorganic Layers 5.8 Summary References Chapter 6 Insight into Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUID) 6.1 Introduction to SQUID 6.1.1 A Radio Frequency (RF) SQUID 6.1.2 A Direct Current (DC) SQUID 6.2 Superconducting Materials Used in SQUID 6.3 What Is the Basic Principle in SQUID VSM Magnetometer? 6.4 Superconductivity 6.4.1 Electron–Lattice Interaction 6.4.2 Cooper Pairs 6.4.3 Energy Gap 6.4.4 Coherence 6.4.5 Flux Quantization 6.5 Josephson Tunneling (JT) Phenomenon 6.6 Utilizations and Applications of SQUID 6.7 Advantage and Disadvantage of SQUID Compared to Other Techniques in Characterization of Magnetic Nanomaterials References Chapter 7 The Principle of SQUID Magnetometry and Its Contribution in MNPs Evaluation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Correct Procedure to Perform the Zero Field Cooling (ZFC) and Field Cooling (FC) Magnetic Study 7.3 The Concept of Merging Zero Field Cooled (ZFC) and Field Cooled (FC) Curve Completely with Each Other 7.4 Types of Information Obtained from the ZFC and FC Curves 7.4.1 Blocking Temperature 7.4.2 Néel Temperature 7.4.3 Types of Magnetism 7.4.4 Spin Glass (SG) and Superparamagnetic (SPM) 7.5 SQUID Magnetometry: Magnetic Measurements 7.5.1 Magnetization Versus Temperature, M(T) 7.5.1.1 Blocking Temperature (TB) as a Function of Particle Size Distribution 7.5.1.2 Dependency of Blocking Temperature (TB) on the Volume of Particles 7.5.1.3 The Field Dependence of the Blocking Temperature 7.5.1.4 The Blocking Temperature (TB) Versus Applied Pressure, and Density 7.5.1.5 Effect of Heat Treatment on Blocking Temperature 7.5.2 Magnetization as a Function of Applied Magnetic Field References Chapter 8 Type of Interactions in Magnetic Nanoparticles 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Magnetic Dipole–Dipole Interaction Between Magnetic Nanoparticles 8.3 Exchange Interaction 8.3.1 Direct Exchange Interaction 8.3.2 Indirect Exchange Interaction 8.4 Super‐Exchange Interaction 8.5 Dipolar Interactions 8.6 Spin–Orbit Interaction References Chapter 9 Insight into AC Susceptibility Measurements in Nanostructured Magnetic Materials 9.1 Introduction 9.2 AC Susceptibility Measurement 9.3 AC Susceptibility as a Probe of Magnetic Dynamics in a Wide Variety of Systems 9.3.1 AC Susceptibility as a Probe of Low‐Frequency Magnetic Dynamics 9.3.2 AC Susceptibility as a Probe of High‐Frequency Magnetic Dynamics 9.4 Information Obtained from Susceptibility Measurements 9.5 Insight into the Interaction Between Magnetic Nanoparticles and Used Models 9.5.1 Néel–Brown Model 9.5.2 Vogel–Fulcher Model 9.5.3 Conventional Critical Slowing Down Model 9.5.4 Power Law (P‐L) Model 9.6 Examples of Evaluation of AC Susceptibility in MNPs 9.7 Using AC Susceptibility Measurements to Probe Transitions in Colloidal Suspensions References Chapter 10 Induced Effects in Nanostructured Magnetic Materials 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Spin‐Canted Effect 10.3 Spin‐Glass‐Like Behavior in Magnetic Nanoparticles 10.4 Reentrant Spin Glass (RSG) Behavior in Magnetic Nanoparticles 10.5 Finite Size Effects on Magnetic Properties 10.6 Surface Effect in Nanosized Particles 10.7 Memory Effect References Chapter 11 Insight into Superparamagnetism in Magnetic Nanoparticles 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Description of Superparamagnetism Based on Size of Particles and Magnetic Measurements 11.3 SPM Description Based on Magnetization Hysteresis Loop (M–H or B–H) 11.4 SPM Detection Based on ZFC and FC Magnetization Curves References Chapter 12 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 12.1 Introduction to Mössbauer Spectroscopy 12.2 Observed Effects in Mössbauer 12.2.1 Mössbauer Effect 12.2.2 Recoil Effect 12.2.3 Doppler Effect 12.3 Hyperfine Interactions 12.3.1 Electric Monopole Interaction 12.3.1.1 S‐Electron Density (Indirectly p and d‐Electron Density) 12.3.1.2 Dependency of Isomer Shift on Spin State 12.3.1.3 Dependency of Isomer Shift on Strong Field Ligands 12.3.1.4 Dependency of Isomer Shift on Electronegativity of Ligands 12.3.2 Electric Quadrupole Interaction (Quadrupole Splitting) 12.3.3 Magnetic Dipole Interaction (Magnetic Splitting) 12.4 Mössbauer Spectroscopy Applied to Magnetism 12.4.1 Superparamagnetic Characterization 12.4.2 Mössbauer Spectroscopy Applied to Characterize the Effect of Synthesis Method on the MNPs Behavior 12.5 Phase Formation Evaluation Through Mössbauer Spectroscopy 12.6 Chemical Composition Evaluation Based on the Mössbauer Spectroscopy Spectra References Chapter 13 Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles: Application in Engineering 13.2.1 Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Magnetic Nanoparticles in Magnetorheological Fluids (MRF) 13.2.2 Environmental Engineering: Magnetic Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment 13.2.3 Surface Engineering 13.2.4 Tissue Engineering (TE) 13.3 Magnetic Nanoparticle Application in Energy 13.3.1 Supercapacitors and Batteries 13.3.2 Solar Cells 13.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Application in Medical Science 13.4.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 13.4.2 Drug Delivery 13.4.3 An Introduction to Hyperthermia (Therapy) in Cancer Treatment (Methods, Mechanisms, Constraints, and Role of Nanotechnology) 13.4.3.1 Magnetic Loss Processes Contributed to Magnetic Heating 13.4.3.2 Challenges of Magnetic Hyperthermia for Therapeutic Uses 13.5 Other General Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles References Index EULA