Maritime Cargo Operations

Description

Maritime Cargo Operations presents the core concepts of cargo work for marine engineering students and cadets. It is built around the essential principles of the maritime profession and is a valuable guide to a broad range of key subject areas in the safe carriage, handling, stowage and securing of cargo, and cargo watches in port. It contributes to a sound understanding of cargo operations for a future career in the profession, as well as offering a general overview for deck officers. Gives an overview of the key areas in cargo operations work. Includes structured Learning Outcomes and self-test questions for each subject area to assist readers in evaluating their understanding. The book suits merchant navy cadets at Higher National Certificate (HNC), and Higher National Diploma (HND), and foundation degree level in both the deck and engineering branches, and also serves as a general reference for maritime professionals. Cover Half Title Title Copyright Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables Key Terms Part 1 Safe Carriage of Cargo: Principles and Practice 1 Key Concepts of Cargo Work 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Key Concepts of Cargo Work 1.2.1 Fruit Carriers 1.2.2 Gas Carriers 1.2.3 LASH Vessels 1.2.4 Multipurpose General Cargo Ships 1.2.5 Refrigerated Vessels 1.2.6 Roll-on Roll-off Vessels 1.2.7 Tankers 1.2.8 Timber Carriers 1.2.9 Vehicle Carriers 1.2.10 Others 2 Determining Cargo Quantity and Volume 2.1 Terms Used for Measurement 2.2 Terms Used for Weight and Quantity 2.3 Draught Survey 2.3.1 Contextual Example 3 Ballast Management 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Risks Involved with the Exchange of Ballast Water 3.3 Ballast Water Management Guidelines 3.3.1 Ballast Water Management Plan 3.3.2 Ballast Water Record Books 3.3.3 Ballast Water Management Standards 3.3.4 Sediment Management for Ships 3.3.5 Duties of Officers and Crew 3.3.6 Exceptions 3.3.7 Exemptions 3.3.8 Equivalent Compliance 3.4 Survey and Certification of Ships 3.5 Ballast Water Management Standards 3.5.1 D1 – Ballast Water Exchange (BWE) 3.5.2 D2 – Ballast Water Performance Standard 3.6 Other Methods of Ballast Water Management 3.7 Ballast Water Management Implementation Schedule 3.8 UK Implementation of the Ballast Water Management Convention 3.9 Ballast Water Management Requirements in Specific Marine Areas 3.10 Case Study: Australian Ballast Water Management Requirements 3.10.1 Background 3.10.2 What the New Arrangements Mean for the Shipping Industry Mandatory Ballast Water Management Requirements 3.10.3 Ballast Water Management Options 3.10.4 The AQIS Decision Support System 3.10.5 Ballast Water Reporting 3.10.6 Verification Inspections 3.10.7 AQIS Ballast Water Compliance Agreements 3.10.8 Tank Stripping 3.10.9 Access to Sampling Points 4 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Dry Cargoes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 What Is General Cargo? 4.3 Equipment Used in the Handling of General Cargo 4.4 Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Typical General Cargoes 4.5 Cargo Hold Preparation for the Reception of General Cargo 4.6 Unitisation 4.7 Containerisation 4.8 Preparations for Containerised Cargo 4.8.1 Preparing a Cargo Space to Load Containerised General Cargo 4.9 Examples of Common Types of Containers 4.10 Identifying a Container’s Location 4.11 Refrigerated and Reefer Cargoes 4.11.1 Frozen Cargo 4.11.2 Chilled Cargo 4.11.3 Temperature-regulated Cargo 4.12 Safe Handling, Stowing, and Carriage of Reefer Cargoes 4.12.1 Pre-cooling of Compartment 4.12.2 Loading and Handling 4.12.3 CO2 Control 4.12.4 Methods of Transportation of Reefer Cargoes 4.12.5 Loose and Unitised Reefer Cargoes 4.13 Containerised Reefer Cargoes 4.13.1 Ship-dependent Containers 4.13.2 Independent Containers 5 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of RORO Cargo 5.1 Introduction 5.2 RORO Cargo Operations 5.2.1 Rolling Cargo 5.2.2 Vehicles 5.2.3 Containers 5.3 Guidance for Cargo Officers Overseeing RORO Operations 5.3.1 General Precautions 5.3.2 Ventilation 5.3.3 Fire Safety and Prevention 5.3.4 Noise 5.3.5 Safe Movement 5.3.6 Use of Work Equipment 5.3.7 Inspection of Vehicles 5.3.8 Stowage 5.3.9 Securing of Cargo 5.3.10 Dangerous Goods 5.3.11 Specialised Vehicles 5.3.12 Partially Filled Tank Vehicles 5.3.13 Housekeeping 6 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Dry Bulk Cargo 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Loading and Handling of Dry Bulk Cargoes 6.3 Principles and Practice for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Some Special Types of Solid Bulk Cargo Concentrates 6.4 Preparing a Space for the Reception of Dry Bulk Cargo 6.4.1 Exceptions 6.5 Summary 7 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Liquid Bulk Cargo 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Carriage of Petroleum Products 7.3 Cargo-handling Procedures for Clean Oils 7.4 Cargo-handling Procedures for Dirty Oils 7.5 Crude Oil Washing 7.6 Principles of the Inert Gas Systems 7.7 Preparation of Cargo Spaces for the Reception of Bulk Liquid Cargo 8 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Liquefied Gases 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Cargo Operations on Gas Carriers 8.3 Guidelines for Completing the Ship to Shore Safety Checklist 8.4 Ship/Shore Safety Checklist 9 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Cargo on Offshore Supply Vessels 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Preparing to Load Cargo Onboard 9.3 Notification of Any Unusual Cargo Items 9.4 Deck Space Management and Back Load Cargoes 9.5 Cargo Plans 9.6 Sailing Instructions 9.7 Potential Dropped Objects 9.8 Stowage and Securing of Cargoes in Containers 9.9 Refrigerated Containers (Disconnection at the Offshore Facility) 9.10 Tubular Cargo 9.11 Main Block Operations 9.12 Cherry Picking 9.13 Unusual Cargo Items Loaded onto Vessel Decks 9.14 Bulk Cargo General Requirements 9.15 Bulk Operations in Port and at the Facility 9.15.1 Vessel Responsibilities at the Facility 9.15.2 Facility Responsibilities 9.16 Preparations Relating to the Transfer of Dry Bulk Materials 9.17 Bulk Hose-Handling Procedures at the Facility 9.18 Hose Securing Arrangements 9.19 Bulk Transfers of Common Liquids 9.20 Bulk Transfers of Special Products 9.20.1 Characteristics of Some Special Liquid Products 9.21 Attendance of Facility Personnel during Bulk Transfer Operations 9.22 Transfer of Noxious Liquids during the Hours of Darkness 9.22.1 Tank Cleaning 9.22.2 Control 9.23 Carriage of Tubular Cargoes 9.23.1 Cargo Requirements 9.23.2 Preparations before Loading at Base 9.23.3 Loading at Base 9.24 Offshore Loading/Offloading Operations 9.25 Loading of Tubular Cargo onto Pipelaying Vessels 9.26 Carriage of Oil-contaminated Cargo 9.27 Composition of the Wet Bulk Waste 10 Principles for the Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of Timber Products, Grain, and Livestock 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Timber 10.3 Stability Criteria for Vessels Carrying Timber Deck Cargo 10.4 Precautions Necessary When Carrying Timber Deck Cargo 10.4.1 Timber and Cargo Securing 10.4.2 Load Line 10.5 Regulation 44 – Stowage 10.5.1 General 10.5.2 Uprights 10.5.3 Lashings 10.5.4 Stability 10.5.5 Protection of Crew, Access to Machinery Spaces, etc. 10.5.6 Steering Arrangements 10.6 Regulation 45 – Computation for Freeboard 10.6.1 Securing 10.6.2 Summary 10.7 Grain 10.8 Stowage of Bulk Grain 10.8.1 Germination 10.8.2 Infestation 10.8.3 Dust Explosion 10.8.4 Grain Swelling 10.8.5 Grain Shifting (in a Filled Compartment) 10.8.6 Grain Shifting (in a Partly Filled Compartment) 10.9 Vessel Stability 10.10 Livestock 10.11 Loading Procedures (Australia) 10.12 Stability Criteria for Vessels Carrying Livestock 10.13 Restrictions on the Carriage of Livestock 10.14 Provision of Ventilation, Lighting, and Drainage 10.15 Provision of Firefighting Appliances Part 2 Safe Handling, Stowage, and Securing of Cargo Learning Outcome 2 Assessment Criteria 11 Requirements Relating to the Use of Cargo-handling Equipment and Cargo Stowage 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Key Terms and Definitions 11.3 Loading and Unloading Operations 11.3.1 Safe Working Loads 11.3.2 Testing, Examination, Inspection, and Certification of Wire Rope 11.3.3 Register of Materials-handling Equipment and Certificates of Testing 11.3.4 Provision of Protective Fencing 11.3.5 Provision of Lighting 11.3.6 Provision of Safe Atmospheres 11.3.7 Provision of Fire Extinguishing Systems and Equipment 11.3.8 Safe Use of Materials-handling Equipment 11.4 Requirements for Derricks 11.5 Requirements for Cargo Gears 11.6 Signalling 11.7 Handling and Stowage of Different Cargoes Using Machinery 11.7.1 Handling of Bulk Cargo 11.7.2 Handling of Bulk Liquid 11.7.3 Handling of Containers 11.7.4 Handling of Cargo on RORO Vessels 11.7.5 Handling Heavy Weights 11.8 Hold and Tank Preparation Procedures for the Reception of Various Cargoes 11.9 Fumigation and De-odourisation of Cargo Holds 11.9.1 Fumigation 11.9.2 Part A – General Information on All Quarantine Treatments 11.9.3 De-odourisation 12 Importance of Cargo Securing and Cargo Care 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Main Objectives of Cargo Securing 12.3 Securing of Cargoes 12.3.1 Securing General Cargoes 12.3.2 Securing of Coils 12.3.3 Securing of Logs and Timber Products 12.3.4 Securing of Cargo on RORO Ships 12.3.5 Securing of Containers 12.3.6 Securing of Heavy Loads 12.4 Dunnage 12.5 Cargo Damage: Causes, Effects, and Prevention 12.6 Temperature-controlled Reefer Cargo 12.6.1 Types of Reefer Containers 12.7 Sweat: Causes, Effects, and Prevention 12.7.1 Examples of Ship Sweat and Cargo Sweat 12.8 Cargo Contamination 12.8.1 Contamination by Taint 12.8.2 Contamination through Fumigation 12.8.3 Contamination by Water 12.8.4 Cross-Cargo Contamination 12.9 Cargo Damage Survey Procedure 12.10 Summary 13 Safe Handling, Stowage, and Carriage of IMDG Cargo 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Structure of the IMDG Code 13.2.1 Subclass 13.2.2 The UN Number 13.2.3 General Index 13.2.4 Segregation 13.2.5 Labelling 13.2.6 Subsidiary Risk Label 13.2.7 Marine Pollutant 13.2.8 Packaging Group 13.2.9 Emergency Schedule Number 13.2.10 Medical First Aid for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods Table Number 13.3 Classifications of Dangerous Goods 13.3.1 Class 1: Explosives 13.3.2 Class 2: Flammable Gases 13.3.3 Class 3: Flammable Liquids 13.3.4 Class 4.1: Flammable Solids 13.3.5 Class 4.2: Flammable Material Liable to Spontaneous Combustion 13.3.6 Class 4.3: Flammable Materials that Are Dangerous When Wet 13.3.7 Class 5.1: Oxidising Substances 13.3.8 Class 5.2: Organic Peroxides 13.3.9 Class 6: Poisonous Substances 13.3.10 Class 7: Radioactive Substances 13.3.11 Class 8: Corrosives 13.3.12 Class 9: Miscellaneous 13.4 Markings of Dangerous Goods 13.4.1 Class 1: Explosives 13.4.2 Class 2: Gases 13.4.3 Class 3: Flammable Liquids 13.4.4 Class 4: Flammable Solids 13.4.5 Class 5: Oxidising Substances and Organic Peroxides 13.4.6 Class 6: Poisonous Substances and Infectious Substances 13.4.7 Class 7: Radioactive Substances 13.4.8 Class 8: Corrosives 13.4.9 Class 9: Miscellaneous Substances 13.5 Safety Precautions and Procedures during Cargo Operations 13.6 Actions in the Event of Leakage or Spillage 13.7 Procedures to Follow When Shipping Dangerous Goods 13.8 Proposed Loading Plans and Final Stowage Plans 13.9 Precautions during the Loading, Carriage, and Discharge of Dangerous Goods 13.9.1 General Fire Precautions to Be Taken When Carrying Dangerous Goods 13.9.2 Segregation 13.9.3 Packing Part 3 Cargo Watches in Port and Officer of the Watch Responsibilities Learning Outcome 3 Assessment Criteria 14 Duties and Responsibilities with respect to Cargo Operations 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Duties of the Officer of the Watch in the Port of Loading 14.3 Duties of the Chief Officer in the Port of Loading 14.4 Hatch and Cargo Gear Preparations 14.5 Safety Checks to Be Carried Out before Starting Cargo Operations 14.6 Officer of the Watch Responsibilities with respect to the Ship’s Staff, Stevedores, and Visitors 14.6.1 Crew and Vessel 14.6.2 Visitors 14.7 Safety Precautions with respect to Port Watchkeeping 14.8 Taking and Handing over the Port Watch 14.9 Importance of Establishing and Maintaining Effective Communications 14.10 Guidelines for Completing the Ship/Shore Safety Checklist 14.11 Summary 15 Cargo Planning, Record, and Log Keeping 15.1 Pre-loading and Cargo Plan 15.2 Capacity, Lashing, and Rigging Plans 15.2.1 Capacity Plan 15.2.2 Lashing Plan 15.2.3 Rigging Plan 15.3 Record and Log Keeping 15.4 Damage Report 15.5 Important Shipping Documents Index