A Field Guide to Tropical Plant Families

Description

This book provides an identification system permitting recognition of plant families in all seasons by means of morphological and macroanatomical features which are easily observable, such as bark, exudates, stems and leaves characters. Studies of forest vegetation may differ in their underlying objectives, but they all require taxonomic knowledge. The process of taxonomy begins with an inventory of the flora, which has been based to a large extent on reproduction-related organs, such as flowers and fruits. But, those are often difficult to observe and may not exist in the field at a given time. Unlike most such guides or keys, this book can be used anywhere in the tropics and provides, in a straightforward two or three-step process, identification to the level of families, which are now circumscribed according to molecular as well as morphological characters in the universally accepted scheme of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Plant architecture is not a prerequisite theme for plant identification; however, we think that an introduction to this subject is not out of place in this book (architectural traits are taxonomically sound): it is now time for botanists working in the tropics to have an idea on how the whole organism keeps growing. Within the family accounts, there is information concerning important economic plants with notes on the larger genera and, particularly helpfully, discussion of families readily confused and how to separate them. Descriptions of the families rely on short diagnosis bolstered by many photographic pictures, lines drawings and extracts from the author’s field books, all showing features of plants as they are found in the forest. Foreword by David Mabberley Foreword by Jitka Klimešová Acknowledgements Contents About the Author User Manual and Architectural Concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of the Book 1.2 Why Consider Families? 1.3 Photos or Drawings? 1.4 Sources and Tests 1.5 Structure of the Book References 2 How to Use This Book References 3 Architectural Concepts and Key to the Models 3.1 Concepts and Statements 3.2 Key to the Architectural Models References Identification Keys 4 Key to the Groups of Families of Trees and Shrubs 5 Keys to Families of Trees and Shrubs 6 Supplementary Keys 6.2 Key B—Tribes and Main Genera of the Malvaceae 6.3 Key C—Families of the Order Sapindales + Picramniaceae 6.4 Key D—Tribes and Main Genera of the Leguminosae 6.5 Key E—Some Genera of the Rubiaceae References 7 Keys to the Groups of Families of Lianas and Woody Epiphytes 8 Keys to Families of Lianas and Woody Epiphytes Description of the Families 9 Acanthaceae to Asteraceae 9.1 Acanthaceae: 36-37-38-56 9.2 Achariaceae: 15-16-18-20-27 9.3 Actinidiaceae: 24-28 9.4 Anacardiaceae: 3-24-28-29-44-C 9.5 Ancistrocladaceae: 54 9.6 Anisophylleaceae: 13-20 9.7 Annonaceae: 10-54 9.8 Apocynaceae: 3-4-53 9.9 Aquifoliaceae: 18 9.10 Araliaceae: 19-26-47-48-49-57 9.11 Araucariaceae: 1-42 9.12 Arecaceae: 1-57 (Monocotyledons) 9.13 Aristolochiaceae: 12-55 9.14 Asteraceae: 21-23-38-40-56 References 10 Bignoniaceae to Buxaceae 10.1 Bignoniaceae: 21-40-43-49-51-52-56-57 10.2 Bixaceae: 2-15-47 10.3 Boraginaceae (incl. Cordiaceae, Ehretiaceae): 20-21-24-25-30 10.4 Burseraceae: 3-46-C 10.5 Buxaceae: 39-44 References 11 Cactaceae to Cycadaceae 11.1 Cactaceae: 21 11.2 Canellaceae (C) + Winteraceae (W): 13-23-29-30 11.3 Capparaceae (incl. Cleomaceae): 8-16-21-22-27-29-30-47 11.4 Caricaceae: 3-20-49 11.5 Casuarinaceae: 37 11.6 Celastraceae: 4-8-13-16-18-21-30-33-34-45-53-54-56 11.7 Chloranthaceae: 32 11.8 Chrysobalanaceae: 2-5-7-8-13 11.9 Clethraceae (CL) + Cyrillaceae (CY): 28-29 11.10 Clusiaceae + Calophyllaceae + Bonnetiaceae + Hypericaceae: 2-3-4-11-13-24-29-38-41-42 11.11 Combretaceae: 21-22-24-30-40-41-56 11.12 Connaraceae: 12-21-48-49-53-57 11.13 Convolvulacaeae: 53-54-57 11.14 Cornaceae (C) + Nyssaceae (N): 13-29 11.16 Cunoniaceae (C) + Brunelliaceae (B): 32-50 11.17 Cycadaceae + Zamiaceae: 1 (Gymnosperms) 11.18 Cyclanthaceae: 1-57 (Monocotyledons) References 12 Dichapetalaceae to Dipterocarpaceae 12.1 Dichapetalaceae: 7-8-54 12.2 Dilleniaceae: 14-26-28-54 12.3 Dioscoreaceae: 55-56-57 (Monocotyledons) 12.4 Dipterocarpaceae: 2-5-7-8-15-18 References 13 Ebenaceae to Euphorbiaceae 13.1 Ebenaceae: 11-12-40 13.2 Elaeocarpaceae: 15-16-18-27-34 13.3 Ericaceae: 12-13-20-29-30 13.4 Erythropalaceae: 3-12-13 13.5 Erythroxylaceae: 8-32 13.6 Euphorbiaceae + Peraceae: 2-4-6-8-14-16-17-18-19-20-22-27-32-34-47-53-55-A References 14 Fagaceae 14.1 Fagaceae: 8-9-18 References 15 Gentianaceae to Goupiaceae 15.1 Gentianaceae: 37-38 15.2 Gnetaceae: 36-39-53-56 15.3 Goodeniaceae: 24-29 15.4 Goupiaceae: 9 References 16 Hamamelidaceae to Humiriaceae 16.1 Hamamelidaceae: 5-6-8-19-29 (incl. Altingiaceae) 16.2 Hernandiaceae: 20-55-57 16.3 Huaceae: 8 16.4 Humiriaceae: 9-13-22-30 References 17 Icacinaceae s.l. to Irvingiaceae 17.1 Icacinaceae s.l. (Icacinaceae s.str. I + Metteniusaceae M + Stemonuraceae S) + Cardiopteridaceae C: 12-13-25-30-44-54-56 17.2 Irvingiaceae: 5 18 Juglandaceae 18.1 Juglandaceae: 48 References 19 Lamiaceae to Lythraceae 19.1 Lamiaceae: 35-38-39-43-44-45-51-52-56 19.2 Lauraceae: 12-20-21-23-24-29-30-39-44 19.3 Lecythidaceae: 9-10-13-15-18-25-29 19.4 Leguminosae—Introduction 19.5 Leguminosae–Cercideae–Cassieae–Detarieae–Caesalpinieae: 47-48-55-D 19.6 Leguminosae–Mimoseae–Acacieae–Ingeae: 20-30-46-57-D 19.7 Leguminosae–Papilionoideae: 2-6-8-9-46-47-50-53-54-57-D 19.8 Linaceae–Hugonioideae (H) + Ixonanthaceae: 13-18-29-30-54 (I) 19.9 Loganiaceae + Gelsemiaceae: 32-33-35-38-56 19.10 Lythraceae: 33-37-38-41 References 20 Magnoliaceae to Myrtaceae 20.1 Magnoliaceae: 5-14 20.2 Malpighiaceae: 4-17-33-40-44-56 20.3 Malvaceae: 5-6-8-14-15-47-55-B 20.4 Marcgraviaceae: 13-54 20.5 Melastomataceae: 35-37-39-41-44 20.6 Meliaceae: 12-24-48-51-C 20.7 Menispermaceae: 19-55-57 20.8 Monimiaceae s.l.: 40-44-45 20.9 Montiniaceae: 44 20.10 Moraceae: 2-4 20.11 Moringaceae: 48 20.12 Muntingiaceae: 6 20.13 Myricaceae: 30 20.14 Myristicaceae: 3-12 20.15 Myrtaceae: 4-23-39-40-41-42-44 References 21 Nyctaginaceae 21.1 Nyctaginaceae: 36-41-44-56 Reference 22 Ochnaceae to Oxalidaceae 22.1 Ochnaceae: 8-9-18-34-50 22.2 Olacaceae (incl. Schoepfiaceae): 12-13-21 22.3 Oleaceae: 35-40-44-45-51-52-56-57 22.4 Opiliaceae: 13-30 22.5 Oxalidaceae: 27-48-49-54 Reference 23 Pandaceae to Putranjivaceae 23.1 Pandaceae: 8-A 23.2 Pandanaceae: 1-54 (Monocotyledons) 23.3 Passifloraceae: 6-7-17-22-55-57 23.4 Pentaphylacaceae: 12-23-29-30 23.5 Phyllanthaceae: 2-3-7-8-27-47 23.6 Physenaceae: 30 23.7 Phytolaccaceae (incl. Petiveriaceae): 30-54 23.8 Picrodendraceae: 31-33-44-49-52-A 23.9 Pinaceae: 1-37 (Gymnosperms) 23.10 Piperaceae: 13-20 23.11 Pittosporaceae: 29 23.12 Poaceae (Bambuseae): 1 (Monocotyledons) 23.13 Podocarpaceae: 1 23.14 Polygalaceae: 11-54 23.15 Polygonaceae: 5-14-54 23.16 Primulaceae: 11–23-29 23.17 Proteaceae: 25-44-45-48 23.18 Putranjivaceae: 8-9-13-A References 24 Rhabdodendraceae to Rutaceae 24.1 Rhabdodendraceae: 23 24.2 Rhamnaceae: 6-8-9-17-18-31-32-33-54-55-56 24.3 Rhizophoraceae: 32-33-34 24.4 Rosaceae: 7-11-15-46 24.5 Rubiaceae: 32-56-E References 25 Sabiaceae to Symplocaceae 25.1 Sabiaceae: 25-30-48-54 25.2 Salicaceae (incl. Lacistemataceae): 6-7-8-9-13-17-18-22-30 25.3 Santalaceae (S) + Loranthaceae (L): 12-30-37-44 25.5 Sapotaceae: 2-3-4-24 25.6 Schisandraceae: 23 25.7 Simaroubaceae (S) + Picramniaceae (P): 11-21-29-46-48-C 25.8 Smilacaceae: 55 (Monocotyledons) 25.9 Solanaceae: 11-12-21-30-54 25.10 Styracaceae: 12-22 25.11 Surianaceae: 21 25.12 Symplocaceae: 30 References 26 Tetramelaceae to Torricelliaceae 26.1 Tetramelaceae: 20 26.2 Theaceae: 12-29-30 26.3 Thymelaeaceae: 10-25-44-54-56 26.4 Torricelliaceae: 26 Reference 27 Ulmaceae s.l. to Urticaceae 27.1 Ulmaceae (U) + Cannabaceae (C): 5-6-8-31 27.2 Urticaceae: 2-6-14-15-31-47 Reference 28 Verbenaceae to Vochysiaceae 28.1 Verbenaceae + Callicarpa: 23-35-38-40-41-44-56 28.2 Violaceae: 8-9-18-33-34-54 28.3 Vitaceae: 5-6-14-46-47-55-57 28.4 Vochysiaceae: 33-42 References 29 Zygophyllaceae s.l. (incl. Balanitaceae) 29.1 Zygophyllaceae (incl. Balanitaceae): 48–50 30 Herbaceous Versus Arborescent Habit in the Families and Orders of Flowering Plants—Evolutionary Trends 30.1 A Diagrammatic Representation of Angiosperm Evolution 30.2 References to Phylogenetic Studies 30.3 Discussion and Hypothesis References Appendix_1 Index