Care of Head and Neck Cancer Patients for Dental Hygienists and Dental Therapists

Description

Care of Head and Neck Cancer Patients for Dental Hygienistsand Dental Therapists An accessible advisory guide for dental professionals to the area of care for head and neck cancer patients Care of Head and Neck Cancer Patients for Dental Hygienists and Dental Therapists is an advisory guide that enables dental hygienists, dental therapists, and other health care professionals to appreciate the journey undertaken by head and neck cancer patients. Focusing on the before, during, and after treatments, the book covers common head and neck cancer treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and innovative new therapies. It also discusses treatment complications such as halitosis, osteoradionecrosis, and radiation dermatitis. Some of the other sample topics discussed by the well-qualified authors include: An introduction to substance misuse and oral health and the early detection of mouth cancerThe role of a dietitian in the care of head and neck cancer patientsProton beam therapy and transoral robotic surgeryPhysiotherapy for someone diagnosed with a head/neck cancerLifestyle factors in oral cancer and pain management in head and neck cancer patients Care of Head and Neck Cancer Patients for Dental Hygienists and Dental Therapists is an immensely valuable resource for dental hygienists, dental therapists, and other health care professionals who work in primary and secondary care. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Foreword Preface Section 1 Primary Setting Chapter 1 The Early Detection of Mouth Cancer: An Initiative for the Whole Dental Team Counselling Carrying Out the Examination Some Areas of Palpation Chapter 2 Detection and Prevention of Skin Cancer for Dental Hygienists The Role of Hygienists in the Early Recognition and Management of Skin Cancers Skin Anatomy and Physiology What are Skin Cancers? Common Benign Skin Lesions The Diagnosis of a Skin Cancer How to Manage a Suspected Skin Cancer at a Hygienist Appointment Prevention of Skin Cancer and Promotion of Skin Health Conclusion References Chapter 3 Lip Cancer Signs and Symptoms Prevention References Chapter 4 Smoking and Vaping Smoking Supporting Patients Who Wish to Give Up Smoking The Changing Landscape of Tobacco Use Electronic Cigarettes Types of E-Cigarettes Cariogenic Potential Respiratory Damage References Chapter 5 The Impact of Substance Dependence on Oral Health Introduction: Dependency, Substances, and Prevalence Oral Health: Risk Factors and Complications of Substance Use Dental Professionals: Support for Patients Who Use Substances References Chapter 6 Human Papillomavirus as a Risk Factor for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma HPV in Head and Neck Cancer Risk Factors for HPV-Positive OPSCC Gender Sexual Behaviours Smoking Alcohol Use HPV-Positive OPSCC Implications for Treatment The Role of Vaccination References Further Reading and Resources Chapter 7 Pathologists: The Cornerstone of Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Introduction The Initial Diagnosis Journey of a Cancer Biopsy Tissue Processing Examination and Diagnosis Potentially Malignant Lesions Multidisciplinary Team Meeting Cancer Resection Specimen Primary Tumour Lymph Nodes The Pathology Report Postoperative Care Digital Pathology and Artificial Intelligence References Chapter 8 Mental Health and Well-Being Pretreatment Reference Further Reading and Resources Chapter 9 Flowchart Section 2 Specialists, Roles, and Departments Chapter 10 The Multidisciplinary Team The Team References Chapter 11 History of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery OMFS and the Multidisciplinary Team The Cancer Patient’s Journey: Clinical History and Examination, Imaging, and Biopsy The MDT Discussion Head and Neck Surgery: Removal of the Cancer Head and Neck Surgery: Reconstruction of the Defect Patient Recovery Adjuvant Treatment for Cancer Cancer Patient Follow-Up Chapter 12 Head and Neck Cancer: Clinical Nurse Specialist Role References Chapter 13 The Role of the Dietitian in the Care of Head and Neck Cancer Patients What Is a Dietitian? What Is the Role of a Head and Neck Oncology Dietitian? Dietetic Review Pathway For Individuals With Head And Neck Cancer Barriers to Implementing Dietetic Advice Should Patients Be Eating Sugar? Feeding Routes Nasogastric Tubes Tracheoesophageal Tubes Gastrostomy Tube Jejunal Tube Ways Enteral Nutrition Can be Given Home Enteral Feeding Team Tube Removals Parenteral Nutrition References Chapter 14 Speech and Language Therapy Patient Pathway Communication Assessment Treatment Swallowing Assessment Management Trismus Altered Airways Dietitians Training References Chapter 15 The Role of the Restorative Dentist in the Management of Head and Neck Cancer Patients Introduction Problems Related to Rehabilitation of Head and Neck Cancer Patients Restoring Function The Head and Neck Cancer Multidisciplinary Meeting and the Contribution Made by the Restorative Dentistry Consultant The Workings of the Head and Neck Cancer MDM Interventions Provided by the Restorative Dentist for Head and Neck Cancer Patients Supporting Patients’ Psychological Well-Being Long-Term Prevention and Maintenance Ongoing Cancer Surveillance References Chapter 16 The Role of the Dental Nurse in an Oral and Maxillofacial Unit Section 3 Types of Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Chapter 17 Chemotherapy: An Overview What Is Chemotherapy? How Does It Work? Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Concurrent Chemotherapy Adjuvant Chemotherapy Palliative Chemotherapy Types of Chemotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer Common Side Effects of Chemotherapy How Is Chemotherapy Administered? Considerations When Treating Patients Undergoing/Having Had Chemotherapy Considerations for Patients during Treatment Summary References Chapter 18 Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer Radiotherapy Radiotherapy Techniques IMRT Head and Neck Cancers Pre-RT Preparation and Planning Dental Assessment Nutrition SLT Assessment Immobilisation Device RT Planning Toxicities Acute Effects Late Toxicities Follow-Up References Chapter 19 The Role of Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer Management Background How Do Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Work? When Is Immunotherapy Used in HNSCC? Benefits in HNSCC How Is Immunotherapy Administered? Side Effects of Immunotherapy Management of Immunotherapy-Related Adverse Events Future Use of Immunotherapy in HNSCC References Chapter 20 Proton Therapy in the UK Introduction The Evolution of Precision Radiotherapy Why Protons? The Cost of PT Clinical Trials of PT Current Indications for PT Challenges for PT in the UK Conclusion References Chapter 21 Transoral Robotic Surgery Introduction Robotic Surgical System Patient-Side Cart Surgeon’s Console Vision Cart TORS Surgical Setup The Clinical Indications and Contraindications Which Patients are Suitable for TORS? What Characteristics of a Tumour Make It Amenable to TORS? The TORS Procedure Postoperative Care and Complications Outcomes of TORS Surgical Margins and Cancer Outcomes Functional Outcomes Training for TORS and Challenges Conclusion Acknowledgement References Chapter 22 Photobiomodulation Therapy for Management of Oral Complications Induced by Head and Neck Cancer Treatments Introduction Photobiomodulation What Is Photobiomodulation and Does It Work (Mechanism of Action)? How Do Photons Interact with Biological Tissue (Laser–Tissue Interaction)? Essential Laser Terminology What are PBM Effects on Clinical Outcomes? What are the Oral and Dental Complications Induced by CT and RT in Patients with HNC? What Is the Role of PBM Therapy in Management of Complications? Oral Mucositis Hyposalivation (Reduction in Saliva) or Xerostomia (Dry Mouth) Radiation Dental Caries Periodontal Diseases Dysphagia (Difficulty in Swallowing) Dysgeusia (Alteration in Taste) Candida (Fungal Infection) Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws Trismus Safety and Cautions for Consideration How Can DHTs Contribute in Management of RT- or CT-Induced Oral Complications? Where Can You Learn More About Laser Therapy? Academic Training Courses Journals and Textbooks Scientific Associations Summary and Future Directions References Chapter 23 The Hologram, a New Imaging Modality in Head and Neck Cancer Chapter 24 Laryngectomy Care: What Is Required? A Voice Prosthesis and Stoma Care Baseplates and HMEs Equipment Protection Summary References Chapter 25 Mental Health and Well-Being during Treatment Reference Section 4 Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Complications Chapter 26 Chemotherapy and Risk Assessment in Dental Treatment Planning General Side Effects References Chapter 27 Xerostomia, from the Greek (Xero = Dry, Stoma = Mouth) = Dry Mouth Saliva and Its Role in Oral Health Comparison of Stimulated and Unstimulated Saliva Flow in Healthy and Xerostomic Individuals Assessment Treatment Oral Health Care for HNC Patients with Xerostomia Patient Education Home Self-Care Toothbrushing Toothpaste Interdental Cleaning Tongue Cleaning Use of Disclosing Agents Prosthesis Care After Use Care Use of Adjuncts Food and Drink Dry Mouth Relief Alternative Therapies Summary References Further Reading Chapter 28 The Role of Acupuncture in Radiotherapy-Induced Xerostomia Background Patient Assessment Treatment Needle Position Reference Chapter 29 Oral Ulceration, Viral Infection, and Candidosis Oral Ulceration Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection Pseudomembranous Candidosis (Thrush) Chronic Erythematous Candidosis Angular Cheilitis Further Reading Chapter 30 Halitosis Introduction Halitosis Epidemiology Aetiopathogenesis and Classification Origin Diagnosis Extraoral Causes Management of Oral Causes and the Dental Professional’s Role Lifestyle Physiological Halitosis Patient-BasedOutcomes Gingivitis and Periodontitis Disease Oral Hygiene Aids Tongue Biofilm Toothpaste Mouthwash Oral Malodour Counteractives Emerging Treatments COVID-19 and Halitosis Summary References Chapter 31 Oral Mucositis Introduction OM Risk Factors OM Assessment and Diagnosis Definition of Oral Mucositis by Grading Scale Prevention and Management Oral Health and Hygiene Pain Management Nutrition Healing Additional Prevention and Management Options References Chapter 32 Nausea and Tooth Erosion Pathophysiology Treatment for Nausea Dental Erosion Dental Management References Chapter 33 Osteoradionecrosis Symptoms Grading Management of ORN Prior to Radiotherapy During and After Radiotherapy Treatment and Management of ORN Surgery Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy References Chapter 34 Mucus Secretions and Hypersalivation Mucus Secretions Management of Thickened Mucus Hypersalivation Management of Sialorrhea References Chapter 35 Mouth Care and Quality of Life for Patients Living with Head and Neck Cancer Considerations for the Dental Professional Before Treatment Begins During and Beyond Treatment Complications Practicalities of Treating Head and Neck Cancer Patients Holistic Care and Ongoing Financial Burden for the Patient Long Term References Chapter 36 Obturators Defects Without Obturation Developmental Defects Head and Neck Cancer Mouth Care for Patients with Obturators Quality of Life (QoL) Summary References Chapter 37 Physiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer Patients: An Overview Chapter 38 Radiotherapy: The Treatment That Keeps on Giving! What Is a Late Effect? Radiotherapy Late Effects How Can We Help? References Chapter 39 Management of Intraoral Hair Growth After Flap Reconstruction Postoperative Intraoral Hair Removal Lasers Electrolysis Cutting Plucking Summary References Chapter 40 Lifestyle Factors in Oral Cancer Sleep Possible Reasons for Poor Sleep What Will Help? Exercise Components of an Exercise Programme When Should Cancer Patients Start an Exercise Programme? Diet Vicious vs Virtuous Cycles: Sleep, Eat, Rave Repeat vs Sleep, Eat, Train Repeat? References Chapter 41 Pain Management for Head and Neck Cancer Patients Introduction Pain Management in Oral Cancer Analgesic Preparations Paracetamol Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Opiates and Opioids Adjuvant Medications Topical Analgesics Nonmedical Pain Management References Section 5 Further Considerations, Patient Experiences and Support Chapter 42 Mental Health and Well-Being Post-treatment References Further Reading and Resources Chapter 43 Intimacy: Advice for the Patient from a Psychologist Chapter 44 What Is Palliative Care? What Symptoms are Seen with Head and Neck Cancers? What are the Effects of HNC Treatment? Common Post-treatment Symptoms Communicating with People Who Have Experienced HNC References Chapter 45 My Cancer, My Journey Chapter 46 Life 2.0: How My Life Has Changed Since My Cancer Diagnosis Life 1.0 Life 2.0 References Chapter 47 Steve’s Story Chapter 48 Living with the Legacy Chapter 49 Look Good Feel Better Appendix A Head and Neck Cancer Charities UK Index EULA