Landslide Risk Assessment

Description

In this second edition new information is included on pipelines, deepwater oil and gas, and remote sensing imagery with GIS. The sections on probabilistic methods and quantitative hazard and risk assessment have been expanded. New case studies and practical do's and don't's make this product a vital handbook for all those working in the field. Landslide Risk Assessment Contents Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition Scientific notation Chapter 1 Background to landslide risk assessment 1.1. Introduction 1.2. What is risk? 1.2.1 Financial risk 1.2.2 Risk and safety 1.2.3 Risk, exposure and health 1.2.4 Risk as uncertain outcomes 1.2.5 Risk and damaging events 1.3. A view of risk 1.4. Black Swans and Perfect Storms 1.5. What is landslide risk? 1.6. Hazard and vulnerability 1.6.1 Geohazards, environmental hazards and disasters Figure 1.1 1.7. From hazard to risk Figure 1.2 1.8. Categories of risk 1.9. Why do landslide risk assessment? References Aleotti P, Baldelli P and Polloni G (2000) AGS (Australian Geomechanics Society) (2000) AGS (2007a) AGS (2007b) AGS (2007c) AGS (2007d) Beck U (1992) Bernstein PL (1996) Besson L, Durville JL, Garry G et al. (1999) BSI (1991) Burton I and Kates RW (1964) Canada (2007) Cardinali M, Reichenbach P, Guzzetti F, Ardizzone F, Antonini G, Galli M, Cacciano M, Castellani M and Salvati P. (2002) Carrara A (1983) Catanach AH Jr and Ragatz JA (2010) Cave PW (1992) Chicken JC and Posner T (1998) Coburn A and Spence R (1992) Couture R (2011a) Couture R (2011b) Cutter SL (1993) DRM (Délégation aux risques majeurs) (1990) Eusebio A, Grasso P, Mahtab A and Morino A (1996) Evans SG, Cruden DM, Bobrowsky PT et al. (2005) Evans TG, Usher N and Moore R (2007) Fannin RJ, Moore GD, Schwab JW and VanDine DF (2005) Garry G and Graszk E (1997) Giddens A (1999) Graszk E and Toulemont M (1996) Hall JW, Lee EM and Meadowcroft IC (2000) Hand D (2000) Ho KKS and Lau JWC (2010) Ho K, Leroi E and Roberds B (2000) HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (2001) Holton GA (2004) ISO (International Standardization Organization) (2009) ISSMGE (International Society of Soil Mechanics and Ground Engineering) (2004) Jeanjean P, Hill A and Taylor S (2003) Jones DKC (1993) Jones DKC (1995a) Jones DKC (1995b) Junger S (1997) Kates RW (1978) Knight FH (1921) Kohler A, Julich S and Bloemertz L (2004) Lateltin OJ (2002) Lee EM and Charman JH (2005) Lee EM, Brunsden D and Sellwood M (2000) Lee EM, Hall JW and Meadowcroft IC (2001) Leroi E, Bonnard C, Fell R and McInnes R (2005) Leventhal AR and Walker BF (2005a) Leventhal AR and Walker BF (2005b) Luhmann N (1996) Morgenstern NR (1991) Morgenstern NR (2000) Nadim F, Kvalstad TJ and Guttormsen T (2005) Ng KC, Parry S, King JP, Franks CAM and Shaw R (2002) Normile D (2012) OFAT/OFEE/OFEFP (Office fédéral de l’aménagement du territoire/Office fédéral de l’économie des eaux/Office fédéral de l’environnement, des forêts et du paysage) (1997) Paté-Cornell E (2012) Perry AH (1981) Petley DN, Hearn GJ, Hart A, Rosser NJ, Dunning SA, Oven KJ and Mitchell WA (2007) Porter M and Morgenstern N (2012) Purdy G (2010) Royal Society (1992) Sapolsky H (1990) Scottish Executive (2006) Sjöberg L (ed.) (1987) Solheim A, Bryn P, Berg K, Sejrup HP and Mienert J (2005) Sorriso-Valvo M (2004) Stein S, Geller RJ and Liu M (2012) Sunuwar L, Karkee MB and Shrestha D (2005) Taleb NN (2010) UNISDR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) (2009) United States Department of Defence (2002) VanDine DF (2012) VanDine DF, Jordan P and Boyer DC (2002) Varnes DJ (1984) Whitman RV (1984) Whitman RV (1997) Wise M, Moore G and VanDine D (2004) Wong HN and Ho K (2000) Chapter 2 The basic elements of landslide risk assessment 2.1. Introduction: the risk assessment process Figure 2.1 2.2. Description of intention 2.3. Hazard assessment Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 2.4. Consequence assessment Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 2.5. Risk estimation Figure 2.6 2.6. Risk assessment and its relationship to risk evaluation and risk management 2.7. Risk perception and risk communication Table 2.1 Figure 2.7 2.8. Landslide risk assessment procedures 2.9. Risk assessment as a decision-making tool Figure 2.8 2.10. Structure of the book References Adams J (1995) AGS (Australian Geomechanics Society) (2000) BP (2008) Bromhead EN (2005) Cvetkovich G and Lofstedt RE (eds) (1999) DETR (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions) (2000) DoE (Department of the Environment) (1995) Douglas M and Wildavsky A (1983) DTLR (Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions) (2002) Gould LC, Gardiner GT, De Luca DR, Tiemann AR, Dobb LW and Stolwijk JAJ (1988) Hartford DND (2009) Holling CS (1979) Holling CS (1986) Hood C and Jones DKC (eds) (1996) HSE (Health and Safety Executive) (2006) IPCC (Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007) IPCC (2012) Kasperson RE and Stallen PM (eds) (1991) Kasperson RE and Kasperson JX (1996) Lee EM and Charman JH (2005) Léone F, Aste JP and Leroi E (1996) Lewis S and Hurst S (2005) Lichtenstein S, Slovic P, Fischhoff B, Laymen M and Combs B (1978) Lofstedt RE and Frewer L (eds) (1998) MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) (2000) Pearce D, Atkinson G and Mourato S (2006) Royal Society (1983) Royal Society (1992) Schwarz M and Thompson M (1990) Slovic P (2000) Slovic P, Fischhoff B and Lichtenstein S (1980) Starr C (1969) Stern PC and Fineberg HV (eds) (1996) Thompson M, Ellis R and Wildavsky A (1990) Vinnem JE (2007) Wong HN, Ho KKS and Chan YC (1997) Chapter 3 Landslide hazard 3.1. Introduction Figure 3.1 3.2. Landslide mechanisms and type Figure 3.2 Figure 3.2 continued Table 3.1 3.3. Landslide behaviour Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 3.4. Potential for landsliding Table 3.2 Table 3.3 3.5. Landslide velocity Table 3.4 3.6. Landslide travel distance Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 Table 3.5 3.7. Nature of landslide hazards 3.7.1 Pre-failure hazards 3.7.2 Main-phase hazards Figure 3.8 Table 3.6 3.7.3 Secondary hazards Table 3.7 3.7.4 Post-event hazards as the system returns to stability 3.7.5 Landslide reactivation hazards Figure 3.9 Figure 3.10 3.8. Landslide intensity Table 3.8 Figure 3.11 Figure 3.12 Table 3.9 Table 3.10 3.9. Landslide susceptibility and hazard zoning Table 3.11 Table 3.12 Figure 3.13 3.10. Hazard models 3.11. Uncertainty, assurance and defensibility Figure 3.14 Figure 3.15 Figure 3.16 References Aleotti P and Chowdhury R (1999) Ardizzone F, Cardinali M, Carrara A, Guzzetti F and Reichenbach P (2002) AGS (Australian Geomechanics Society) (2000) Bentley S and Smalley IJ (1984) Bishop AW (1973) Bishop AW, Hutchinson JN, Penman ADM and Evans HE (1969) Blong RJ (1992) Bromhead EN (1986) Bromhead EN (1992) Brunsden D and Jones DKC (1972) Brunsden D and Prior DB (1984) Brunsden D, Doornkamp JC, Fookes PG, Jones DKC and Kelly JMN (1975) Bryant EA (1991) Bryn P, Kvalstad T, Guttormsen TR, Kjaerness PA, Lund JK, Nadim F, and Olsen J (2004) Bugge T, Befring S and Belderson RH (1987) Bugge T, Belderson RH and Kenyon NH (1988) Buss E and Heim A (1881) Cardinali M, Reichenbach P, Guzzetti F, Ardizzone F, Antonini G, Galli M, Cacciano M, Castellani M and Salvati P (2002) Carrara A (1983) Carrara A (1988) Carrara A, Cardinali M and Guzzetti F (1992) Carrara A, Cardinali M, Detti R, Guzzetti F, Pasqui V and Reichenbach P (1990) Carrara A, Cardinali M, Detti R, Guzzetti F, Pasqui V and Reichenbach P (1991) Carrara A, Guzzetti F, Cardinali M and Reichenbach P (1998) Carrara A, Guzzetti F, Cardinali M and Reichenbach P (1999) Cascini L, Bonnard C, Corominas J, Jibson R and Montero-Olarte J (2005) Close U and McCormick E (1922) Collins GS and Melosh HJ (2003) Copons R (2004) Corominas J (1996) Cross W (1924) Crozier MJ (1986) Crozier MJ and Preston NJ (1998) Cruden D (1991) Cruden DM and Varnes DJ (1996) Dawson AG, Long D and Smith DE (1988) De Blasio FV (2011) De Blasio FV and Elverhoi A (2008) Dikau R, Brunsden D, Schrott L and Ibsen M-L (1996) Dowlen WE (1903) Eiby GA (1980) Eisbacher GH and Clague JJ (1984) Engineering News Record (1971) EPOCH (1993) Evans TG, Usher N and Moore R (2007) Evans NC and King JP (1998) Evans NC, Huang SW and King JP (1997) Evans SG (2001) Evans SG and Hungr O (1993) Felix M and Peakall J (2006) Fell R, Corominas J, Bonnard C, Cascini L, Leroi E and Savage W on behalf of the JTC-1 Joint Technical Committee on Landslides and Engineered Slopes (2008a) Fell R, Corominas J, Bonnard C, Cascini L, Leroi E and Savage W on behalf of the JTC-1 Joint Technical Committee on Landslides and Engineered Slopes (2008b) Fine IV, Rabinovich AB, Bornhold BD, Thomson RE and Kulikov EA (2005) Finlay PJ, Mostyn GR and Fell R (1999) Fletcher L, Hungr O and Evans SG (2002) Fookes PG (1997) Francis PW (1994) Gilbert RB, Nodine MC, Wright SG, Cheon JY, Wrzyszcznski M, Coyne M and Ward EG (2007) Glade T, Anderson M and Crozier MJ (eds) (2005) Gostling Rev W (1756) Griffiths JS, Lee EM, Brunsden D and Jones DKC (2011) Guzzetti F (2005) Guzzetti F, Carrara A, Cardinali M and Reichenbach P (1999) Guzzetti F, Galli M, Reichenbach P, Ardizzone F and Cardinali M (2006) Haefeli R (1965) Hampton MA, Lee HJ and Locat J (1996) Hansen A (1984) Hearn GJ and Griffiths JS (2001) Hearn GJ (ed.) (2011) Heim A (1882) Heim A (1932) Hendron AJ Jr and Patton FD (1985) Herd DG and the Comite de Estudios Vulcanologies (1986) Ho K, Leroi E and Roberts B (2000) Hsü KJ (1975) Hsü KJ (1978) Huder J (1976) Hungr O (1997) Hungr O and Evans SG (2004) Hungr O and McClung DM (1987) Hungr O, Corominas J and Eberhardt E (2005) Hungr O, Evans SG, Bovis MJ and Hutchinson JN (2001) Hungr O, Morgan GC and Kellerhals R (1984) Hunter G and Fell R (2003) Hutchinson JN (1987) Hutchinson JN (1992) Hutchinson JN (1995) IAEG (International Association of Engineering Geology) (1990) ICE (Institution of Civil Engineers) (1991) IFRCRCS (International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies) (1999) Ishihara K (1999) Jeanjean P, Hill A and Taylor S (2003) Jones AT (1992a) Jones AT and Mader C (1996) Jones DKC (1992b) Jones DKC and Lee EM (1994) Kaliser B and Fleming RW (1986) Karam KS (2005) Keating BH and McGuire WJ (2000) Kiersch GA (1964) Kremer K, Simpson G and Girardclos S (2012) Lateltin OJ and Bonnard C (1999) Lee EM and Brunsden D (2000) Lee EM and Clark AR (2002) Léone F, Aste JP and Leroi E (1996) Leroueil S, Vaunat J, Picarelli L, Locat J, Lee H and Faure R (1996) Li Tianchi, Schuster RL and Wu Jishan (1986) Lipman PW and Mullineaux D (eds) (1981) Lipman PW, Normark WR, Moore JG, Wilson JB and Gutmacher SE (1988) Locat J and Lee HJ (2002) McConnell RG and Brock RW (1904) Mader CL (2002) Maquaire O (1994) Maquaire O (1997) Martha TR, van Westen CJ, Kerle N, Jetten VG and Kumar V (2012) Mason K (1929) McGuire WJ (1995) McGuire WJ, Mason I and Kilburn C (2002) McSaveney MJ, Chinn TJ and Hancox GT (1992) Merriam R (1960) Miller DJ (1960) Miller J (1974) Moore JG, Clague DA, Holcomb RT, Lipman PW, Normark WR and Torresan ME (1989) Moore JG, Normark WR and Holcomb RT (1994) Mueller L (1964) Murty TS and Wigen SO (1976) Nadim F and Locat J (2005) Ng KC, Parry S, King JP, Franks CAM and Shaw R (2002) Palmer L (1977) Parise M, Iovine GR, Reichenbach P and Guzzetti F (2012) Parry S, Ruse ME and Ng KC (2006) Pethick JS (1996) Petley DN (2012) Picarelli L, Oboni F, Evans SG, Mostyn G and Fell R (2005) Pierson TC (1999) Pierson TC, Janda RJ, Umbal JV and Daag AS (1992) Piper DJW, Cochonat P and Morrison ML (1999) Plafker G and Ericksen GE (1978) Reichenbach P, Carrera A and Guzzetti F (2002) Roberds WL (1990) Sassa K (1985) Sassa K (1988) Sassa K (1996) Sassa K (ed.) (1999) Scheidegger AF (1973) Schrott L and Pasuto A (eds) (1999) Schuster RL (ed.) (1986) Siebert L (1992) Singer KN, McKinnon WB, Schenk PM and Moore JM (2012) Sir William Halcrow and Partners (1986) Sir William Halcrow and Partners (1988) Skempton AW and Weeks AG (1976) Skempton AW, Leadbeater AD and Chandler RJ (1989) Soeters R and Van Westen CJ (1996) Spiegelhalter DJ (1986) Tappin DR, Watts P and Grilli ST (2008) Tavenas F, Chagnon JY and LaRochelle P (1971) Terzaghi K (1950) Thomson S and Hayley DW (1975) Torrance JK (1987) Turner AK and Schuster RL (eds) (1996) Uzielli M, Nadim F, Lacasse S and Kaynia AM (2008) Valentin H (1954) Van Gassen W and Cruden DM (1989) Van Westen CJ (1993) Van Westen CJ (2004) Van Westen CJ, Seijmonsbergen AC and Mantovani F (1999) Van Westen CJ, Soeters R and Sijmons K (2000) Varnes DJ (1978) Varnes DJ (1984) Vaughan PR (1995) Voight B (ed.) (1978) Voight B (1990) Voight B and Pariseau WG (1978) Vonder Linden K (1989) Vulliet L (1986) Weidinger JT and Korup O (2009) Wesson CVK and Wesson RL (1975) Wilson SD (1970) Wong HN and Ho KKS (1996) Wong HN, Ho KKS and Chan YC (1997) WP/WLI (International Geotechnical Societies’ UNESCO Working Party for World Landslide Inventory) (1995) Yin KL and Yan TZ (1988) Zaruba Q and Mencl V (1969) Chapter 4 Qualitative and semi-quantitative risk assessment 4.1. Introduction Table 4.1 4.2. Risk registers Example 4.1 Figure 4.1 4.3. Relative risk scoring Table 4.2 Example 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Figure 4.2 Example 4.3 Table 4.5 Example 4.4 Table 4.6 Table 4.7 4.4. Risk ranking matrices Example 4.5 Table 4.8 Table 4.9 Table 4.10 Table 4.11 Table 4.12 Table 4.13 Table 4.14 Table 4.15 Table 4.16 Table 4.17 Example 4.6 Table 4.18 4.5. The FMECA approach Table 4.19 Figure 4.3 Table 4.20 Table 4.21 Table 4.22 Example 4.7 Table 4.23 Figure 4.4 Table 4.24 4.6. Qualitative risk assessment: an easy option? Table 4.25 References AGS (Australian Geomechanics Society) (2000) AGS (2007) Boggett AD, Mapplebeck NJ and Cullen RJ (2000) Clark AR, Palmer JS, Firth TP and McIntyre G (1993) Crozier MJ and Glade T (1999) de Ambrosis L (2002) Fell R and Hartford D (1997) Hearn GJ (1995) High Point Rendel (2000) Hughes A, Hewlett H, Samuels PG, Morris M, Sayers P, Moffat I, Harding A and Tedd P (2000) Kelly AJ, Clifton AW, Antunes PJ and Widger RA (2005) Koirala NP and Watkins AT (1988) Lee EM (1999) Lee EM (2003) Lee EM and Clark AR (2000) Lee EM, Clark AR and Guest S (1998) Ng KC, Parry S, King JP, Franks CAM and Shaw R (2002) Parry S, Ruse ME and Ng KC (2006) Pierson LA, Davis SA and Van Vickle R (1990) Powell G (2002) Rendel Geotechnics (1994) Saldivar-Sali A and Einstein HH (2007) Sandilands NM, Noble M and Findlay JW (1998) Sidle RC, Pearce AJ and O’Loughlin CL (1985) Stewart IE, Baynes FJ and Lee IK (2002) VanDine DF, Jordan P and Boyer DC (2002) Wong HN and Ho KKS (1995) Wong HN (2001) Wong HN (2003) Wong HN (2005) Wong HN and Ko FWY (2006) Wong HN, Ko FWY and Hui THH (2004) Chapter 5 Introduction to probability and quantitative assessment 5.1. Uncertainty and probability 5.1.1 Uncertainty 5.1.2 Probability and probability rules Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 5.1.3 The meaning of probability 5.1.4 The frequentist interpretation Figure 5.3 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Figure 5.4 5.1.5 The ‘degree of belief' interpretation 5.1.6 Probability interpretations for landslide risk assessment 5.2. Probability distributions 5.2.1 The binomial distribution (yes/no events with a given probability) Figure 5.5 Table 5.3 5.2.2 The Poisson distribution (events that occur independently with a given rate) Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Table 5.4 Figure 5.8 5.2.3 Continuous probability distributions Figure 5.9 5.2.4 Fat-tailed distributions and power laws Figure 5.10 Figure 5.11 Figure 5.12 5.2.5 Landslide magnitude-frequency distributions Figure 5.13 Figure 5.14 Figure 5.15 5.2.6 Return periods and exceedence probability Figure 5.16 Table 5.5 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table 5.8 5.3. Judgement and the use of experts 5.3.1 Expert judgement Figure 5.17 Figure 5.18 5.3.2 The need for expert panels and their operation Figure 5.19 Figure 5.20 Table 5.9 5.4. Probability assessment and reliability methods 5.4.1 The use of landslide statistics Table 5.10 5.4.2 The use of conceptual models, event trees and fault trees Figure 5.21 Figure 5.22 Figure 5.23 Figure 5.24 Figure 5.25 5.4.3 The use of reliability methods Figure 5.26 Figure 5.27 Table 5.11 Figure 5.28 References Alén C (1996) Ang A HS and Tang WH (1984) Baecher G (1987) Baecher GB and Christian JT (2003) Benjamin JR and Cornell CA (1970) Benson MA (1960) Bradley S (2011) Brardinoni F, Slaymaker HO and Hassan MA (2003) Budnitz RH, Apostolakis G, Boore DM, Cluff LS, Coppersmith KJ, Cornell CA and Morris PA. (1997) Casagrande A (1965) Chaytor JD, ten Brink US, Solow AR and Andrews BD (2009) Chowdhury R and Flentje P (2003) Chowdhury R, Flentje P and Bhattacharya G (2010) Chowdhury R and Flentje P (2011) Christian JT (2004) Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe (CONCAWE) (2007) Dai FC and Lee CF (2001) Duncan JM (1996a) Duncan JM (1996b) Duncan JM (2000) Dunning SA, Mitchell WA, Petley DN, Rosser NJ and Cox NJ (2007) Dussauge-Peisser C, Helmstetter A, Grasso J-R, Hantz D, Desvarreux P, Jeannin M, and Giraud A (2002) EA (Environment Agency) (1999) European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group (EGIG) (2005) Einstein HH (1991) EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (2005) Evans NC and King JP (1998) Evans NC, Huang SW and King JP (1997) Evans TG, Usher N and Moore R (2007) Focht J (1994) Foster HD (1980) Fussell JB (1973) Fussell JB (1976) Gillies D (2000) Goodman R (1999) Gretener PE (1967) Gutenberg B and Richter F (1949) Guthrie RH and Evans SG (2004a) Guthrie RH and Evans SG (2004b) Guthrie RH and Evans SG (2005) Guthrie RH, Deadman PJ, Cabrera AR and Evans SG (2008) Guzzetti F, Malamud BD, Turcotte DL and Reichenbach P (2002) Hacking I (2006) Haflidason H, Lien R, Sejrup HP, Forsberg CF and Bryn P (2005) Hahn GJ and Shapiro SS (1967) Hartford DND and Baecher GB (2004) Ho KKS and Lau JWC (2010) Ho K, Leroi E and Roberds B (2000) Hora S and Iman R (1989) Hsi JP and Fell R (2005) Hungr O, Evans SG and Hazzard J (1999) Hungr O, McDougall S, Wise M and Cullen M (2008) IPCC (2000) IPCC (2006) Issler D, De Blasio FV, Elverhoi A, Bryn P and Lien R (2005) Johnson NL, Kotz S and Balkrishan N (1994) Jones DKC and Lee EM (1994) Kahneman D and Tversky A (1982) Kanamori H and Brodsky EE (2004) King JP (1997) King JP (1999) Knol AB, Slottje P, van der Sluijs JP and Lebret E (2010) Kondziolka RE and Kandaris PM (1996) Kumamoto H and Henley EJ (1996) Lacasse S and Nadim F (2008) Lacasse S and Nadim F (2011) Lacasse S, Eidsvik U, Nadim F, Høeg K and Blikra LH (2008) Lacasse S, Nadim F and Kalsnes B (2010) Lee EM (2007) Lee EM (2009) Lee EM and Moore R (2007) Lee EM, Audibert JME, Hengesh JV and Nyman DJ (2009) Lee EM, Brunsden D and Sellwood M (2000) Lee YF, Lee DH and Chi YY (2009) Li KS (1991) Li KS (1992) Lichtenstein S, Fischoff B and Phillips L (1982) Linstone HA and Truoff M (eds) (1975) Loncke L (2002) Malamud BD, Turcotte, DL, Guzzetti F and Reichenbach P (2004) Martin Y, Rood K, Schwab JW and Church M (2002) Meozzi PG and Iannucci C (2006) Montgomery DC and Runger GC (1994) Moore R, Usher N and Evans T (2007) Morgenstern NR (1995) Moss R and Schneider SH (2000) Mostyn GR and Fell R (1997) Mostyn GR and Li KS (1993) Mulder T and Syvitski JPM (1995) Nadim F (2006) Nadim F, Einstein H and Roberds W (2005) Nguyen VU and Chowdhury RN (1984) Nordhaus WD (2011) Panel on Seismic Hazard Analysis (1988) Parr NM and Cullen N (1998) Peck R (1979) Penning-Rowsell E, Johnson C, Tunstall S, Tapsell S, Morris J, Chatterton J, Coker A and Green C (2003) Reed W and Jorgensen M (2005) Reeder MS, Rothwell RG, Stow DAV, Kahler G and Kenyon NH (1998) Reeder MS, Stow DAV and Rothwell RG (2002) Reeve D (2010) Riggs HC (1968) Roberds WL (1990) Rosenbleuth E (1975) Rosenbleuth E (1981) Savy J, Boissonnade A, Mensing R and Short S (1993) Sornette D (2009) Sornette D and Ouillon G (2012) Spetzler C and Staël von Holstein C (1975) SSHAC (1997) Stark CP and Hovius N (2001) Stedinger JR, Vogel RM and Foufoula-Georgiou E (1993) Sugai T, Ohmori H and Hirano M (1994) Süveges M and Davison AC (2012) Sweeney M (2005) Sweeney M, Gasca AH, Garcia-Lopez M and Palmer AC (2005) Talling PJ, Amy LA and Wynn RB (2007) ten Brink US, Giest EL and Andrews BD (2006) Tversky A and Kahneman D (1974) Tversky A and Kahneman D (1983) Van der Sluijs JP, Janssen PHM, Petersen AC et al. (2004) Vanmarcke EH (1977) Vanmarcke EH (1980) Vick SG (2002) Wieczorek GF, Larsen MC, Eaton LS, Morgan BA and Blair JL (2001) Wu TH, Tang WH and Einstein HH (1996) Yu YF and Mostyn GR (1996) Chapter 6 Estimating the probability of landsliding 6.1. Introduction Figure 6.1 6.2. Approaches to estimating landslide probability 6.3. Statistical methods: the use of incident databases Table 6.1 Example 6.1: The TransCanada Pipeline Table 6.2 Example 6.2: Papua New Guinea Table 6.3 6.4. Statistical methods: historical frequency assessment Example 6.3: Scarborough Cliffs, UK Figure 6.2 Example 6.4: Argillite Cut, British Columbia, Canada 6.5. Statistical methods: the use of landslide magnitude-frequency curves Example 6.5: Flow slides in the South Wales Coalfield, UK Table 6.4 Table 6.5 Figure 6.3 Example 6.6: Submarine landslides in the West Nile Delta, Egypt Figure 6.4 Table 6.6 Table 6.7 6.6. Statistical methods: estimating landslide exceedence probability Example 6.7: City of Seattle, USA Example 6.8: Umbria, Italy Table 6.8 Table 6.9 Table 6.10 Table 6.11 6.7. Statistical methods: estimating probability of cliff recession through simulation models Example 6.9: Sussex cliffs, UK Figure 6.5 Figure 6.6 Table 6.12 Table 6.13 6.8. Conceptual models: normalisation of base-rate frequency Example 6.10: Berkely Escarpment, Vancouver, Canada Table 6.14 Example 6.11: Cut-slope failures, Hong Kong Table 6.15 Table 6.16 Table 6.17 Table 6.17b Table 6.17c Table 6.17d Table 6.17e Table 6.18 6.9. Conceptual models: estimating probability from landslide-triggering events Table 6.19 Example 6.12: Alborz Mountains, Iran Example 6.13: Ventnor, Isle of Wight, UK Figure 6.7 Table 6.20 Example 6.14: North Island, New Zealand Example 6.15: San Andreas Fault, California, USA Figure 6.8 Table 6.21 Figure 6.9 Table 6.22 6.10. Conceptual models: estimating probability through expert judgement Table 6.23 Table 6.24 Example 6.16: Storfjord, Norway Table 6.25 Figure 6.10 Table 6.26 Example 6.17: Caucasus Pipeline, Georgia Figure 6.11 Table 6.27 Figure 6.12 Figure 6.13 Table 6.28 Example 6.18: Lyme Regis, UK Figure 6.14 Figure 6.15 6.11. Reliability methods: estimating probability through use of probabilistic stability analysis Example 6.19: Whitby, UK Example 6.20: Mad Dog and Atlantis, Gulf of Mexico, USA Figure 6.16 Example 6.21: Lushan, Taiwan Table 6.29 Table 6.30 6.12. Estimating probability: precision or pragmatism? References Anda E and Blikra L (1998) AGS (Australian Geomechanics Society) (2000) Berberian M (1994) Bishop AW (1955) Bishop AW, Hutchinson JN, Penman ADM and Evans HE (1969) Bjerrum L and Jørstad F (1968) Brand EW and Hudson RR (1982) Bromhead EN (1986) Bromhead EN, Hopper AC and Ibsen ML (1998) Brunsden D and Lee EM (2004) Bunce C, Cruden DM and Morgenstern NR (1997) Casale R and Margottini C (eds) (1995) Chaytor JD, ten Brink US, Solow AR and Andrews BD (2009) Chen AY and Morgenstern NR (1983) Clark AR and Guest S (1991) Clark AR and Guest S (1994) Clark AR, Fort DS and Davis GM (2000) Clements M (1994) Coe JA, Michael JA, Crovelli RA and Savage WZ (2000) Corominas J and Moya J (1996) Cox DR (1962) Crovelli RA (2000) Crozier MJ (1986) Crozier MJ and Glade T (1999) Crozier MJ and Preston NJ (1998) Damgaard JS and Peet AH (1999) Dimmock P, Mackenzie B and Mills A (2012) Ducassou E, Migeon S, Mulder T, Murat A, Capotondis L, Bernasconi SM and Mascle J (2009) Duncan JM (1996a) Duncan JM (1996b) Eidsvig UK, Lacasse S, Nadim F and Høeg K (2008) Essex C, Lookman T and Nererberg MRH (1987) Evans SG, Guthrie RH, Roberts NJ and Bishop NF (2007) Evans TG, Usher N and Moore R (2007) Fell R, Finlay P and Mostyn G (1996a) Fell R, Walker BF and Finlay PJ (1996b) Finlay PJ and Fell R (1995) Fort D S, Clark AR and Savage DT (2000) Geological Engineering Office (GEO) (1996) Glade T (1996) Glade T (1997) Glade T (1998) Glade T and Crozier MJ (1996) Graham J (1984) Guthrie RH (2009) Guthrie RH and Evans SG (2004a) Guthrie RH and Evans SG (2004b) Guzzetti F (2005) Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P, Ardizzone F, Cardinali M and Galli M (2005) Guzzetti F, Galli M, Reichenbach P, Ardizzone F and Cardinali M (2006) Haeeri SM, Sttari S and Sammiee A (1993) Halcrow Group (2003) Hall JW, Meadowcroft IC, Lee EM and van Gelder PHAJM (2002) Hallet B (1987) Harp EL (1997) Hawley JG (1984) High Point Rendel (1996) High Point Rendel (1999) High Point Rendel (2003) Huang JC, Chang YT, Yen CY, Huang SC and Huang JK (2008) Hungr O (1997) Hutchinson JN (1962) Hutchinson JN (1988) Jeanjean P, Hill A and Taylor S (2003) Jones DKC (1992) Keefer DK (1984) Keystone (2009) Koirala NP and Watkins AT (1988) Kovach RL (1995) Kuloshvili SI and Maisuradze GM (2000) Lacasse S and Nadim F (2006) Lacasse S and Nadim F (2011) Lacasse S, Eidsvik U, Nadim F, Høeg K and Blikra LH (2008) Lee EM (1992) Lee EM (1998) Lee EM (1999) Lee EM (2003) Lee EM (2007) Lee EM (2009) Lee EM and Charman JH (2005) Lee EM and Clark AR (2000) Lee EM and Clark AR (2002) Lee EM and Moore R (1991) Lee EM and Moore R (2007) Lee EM and Sellwood M (2002) Lee EM, Clark AR and Guest S (1998a) Lee EM, Moore R and McInnes RG (1998b) Lee EM, Brunsden D and Sellwood M (2000) Lee EM, Hall JW and Meadowcroft IC (2001) Lee EM, Meadowcroft IC, Hall JW and Walkden MJ (2002) Lee YF and Chi YY (2011) Lee YF, Lee DH and Chi YY (2009) Meadowcroft I, Brampton A and Hall J (1997) Moore R, Lee EM and Clark AR (1995) Moore R, Usher N and Evans T (2007) Mousavi SM, Omidvar B, Ghazban F and Feyzi R (2011) Nadim F (2006) Nadim F and Locat J (2005) Nadim F, Krunic D and Jeanjean P (2003) Nadim F, Einstein H and Roberds W (2005) Nash D (1987) Niedoroda A, Reed C, Hatchett L, Young A and Kasch V (2003) Orange D, Angell M, Brand J, Thompson J, Buddin T, Williams M, Hart B and Berger B (2003) Penman ADM (2000) PHSMSA (2010) Porter M, Jacob M, Savigny KW, Fougere S and Morgenstern N (2007) Radbruch-Hall DH, Colton RB, Davies WE, Lucchitta I, Skipp BA and Varnes DJ (1982) Reeder MS, Rothwell RG, Stow DAV, Kahler G and Kenyon NH (1998) Reeder MS, Stow DAV and Rothwell RG (2002) Reid ME (1994) Rendel Geotechnics (1994) Roberds WL (1990) Schofield J (1787) Schrott L and Pasuto A (eds) (1999) Schuster RL (ed.) (1991) Sellwood M, Davis GM, Brunsden D and Moore R (2000) Siddle HJ, Wright MD and Hutchinson JN (1996) Siddle HJ, Wright MD and Hutchinson JN (2000) Sweeney M, Gasca AH, Garcia-Lopez M and Palmer AC (2005) Tatashidze ZK, Tsereteli ED and Khazaradze RD (2000) ten Brink US, Giest EL and Andrews BD (2006) Terlien MJM (1996) Terlien MJM, De Louw PGB, Van Asch TWJ and Hetterschijt RAA (1996) Van Asch TWJ, Buma J and Van Beek LPH (1999) Voight B, Glicken H, Jandra RL and Douglass PM (1981) Weinberg GM (1975) Whittaker M (1984) Chapter 7 Exposure 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Spatial probability: stationary assets Example 7.1 Example 7.2 Example 7.3 Figure 7.1 Example 7.4 Example 7.5 7.3. Spatial and temporal probability: non-stationary assets Example 7.6 Example 7.7 Example 7.8 Example 7.9 Example 7.10 Example 7.11 7.4. Occupancy and population models Example 7.12 Table 7.1 Example 7.13 7.5. Reducing exposure through landslide detection Example 7.14 Figure 7.2 References Australian Geomechanics Society (AGS) (2000) AGS (2007) Cheung SPY, Wong MC and Yeung LHY (2006) Dimmock P, Mackenzie B and Mills AJ (2012) Fell R, Ho KKS, Lacasse S and Leroi E (2005) Geotechnical Engineering Office (GEO) (2009) Hendrickx M, Wilson RA, Moon AT, Stewart I and Flentje P (2011) Ho K, Leroi E and Roberds B (2000) Jones DKC, Lee EM, Hearn G and Genc S (1989) Lee EM and Moore R (2007) Moore R, Usher N and Evans T (2007) Morgan GC, Rawlings GE and Sobkowicz JC (1992) Roberds W (2005) Wilson RA, Moon AT, Hendrickx M and Stewart IE (2005) Chapter 8 Vulnerability 8.1. Introduction: multiple meanings of vulnerability 8.2. Physical vulnerability 8.3. Physical vulnerability of buildings and infrastructure Table 8.1 Table 8.2 Table 8.3 Table 8.4 Figure 8.1 Example 8.1 Table 8.5 Example 8.2 Figure 8.2 Table 8.6 Example 8.3 8.4. Human vulnerability Table 8.7 Table 8.8 Example 8.4 Table 8.9 Example 8.5 8.5. Societal and social vulnerability Table 8.10 Figure 8.3 Table 8.11 8.6. Societal and social vulnerability in landslide risk assessment References Adger WN (2006) Australian Geomechanics Society (AGS) (2000) AGS (2007) Alexander DE (1989) Alexander DE (2000) Alexander DE (2002) Alexander DE (2005) Amatruda G, Bonnard Ch, Castelli M, Forlati F, Giacomelli L, Morelli M, Paro L, Piana F, Pirulli M, Polino R, Prat P, Ramasco M, Scavia C, Bellardone G, Campus S, Durville J-L, Poisel R, Preh A, Roth W and Tentschert EH (2004) Anderson MB (2000) Bankoff G, Frerks G and Hilhorst D (2004) Bateman, I, Carson, RT, Day B, Hanemann WM, Hanley N, Hett T, Jones-Lee M, Loomes G, Mourato S, Ozdemiroglu E and Pearce DW (2002) Baxter PJ (1990) Benson C and Clay EJ (2004) Bell R and Glade T (2004) Birkmann J (ed.) (2006) Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I and Wisner B (1994) Blöchl A and Braun B (2005) Buckle P (2006) Cannon T (1993) Cannon T (2000) Cardinali M, Reichenbach P, Guzzetti F, Ardizzone F, Antonini G, Galli M, Cacciano M, Castellani M and Salvati P (2002) Chen CC, Yeh TL, Yang YK et al. (2001) Coburn A and Spence R (1992) Cruden DM (1997) Cutter SL (1996) Cutter SL, Boruff BJ and Shirley WL (2003) Cutter SL, Barnes L, Berry M et al. (2008) Cutter SL and Emrich CT (2006) Dai FC, Lee CF and Ngai YY (2002) DNV Technica (1996) Douglas J (2007) Duzgun HSB and Lacasse S (2005) DTLR (Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions) (2002) ENSURE (2009) EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne) (2002) Fell R (1994) Fell R and Hartford D (1997) Finlay PJ, Mostyn GR and Fell R (1999) Galderisi A, Ceudech A, Ferrara FF and Profice AS (2010) Galli M and Guzzetti F (2007) Glade T (2003) Glade T and Crozier MJ (2005) Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P, Cardinali M, Ardizzone F and Galli M (2003) Halcrow Asia Partnership (1999) Hewitt K (1997) High Point Rendel (2004) High Point Rendel (2005) Hill A and Cutter SL (2001) Holcombe E, Smith S, Wright E and Anderson MG (2012) IFRC (2008) IISD et al. (2009) ISSMGE (2004) Jones DKC (1992) Li Z, Nadim F, Huang H, Uzielli M and Lacasse S (2010) National Research Council (2006) Oven KJ (2009) Parker D and Tapsell S (2009) Papathoma-Köhle M, Neuhauser B, Ratzinger K, Wenzel H and Dominey-Howes D (2007) Pearce D, Atkinson G and Mourato S (2006) Peduzzi P, Dao H, Herold C and Mouton F (2009) Peek-Asa C, Ramirez M, Shoaf K and Seligson H (2002) Petley DN, Hearn GJ, Hart A et al. (2007) Roberds W (2005) Romang H, Kienholz H, Kimmerle R and Böll A (2003) Salvati P, Bianchi C and Guzzetti F (2006) Sassa K (1992) Tapsell S, McCarthy S, Faulkner H and Alexander M (2010) Timmerman P (1981) UN (2011) UN Development Programme (2003) UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2009) Uzielli M, Nadim F, Lacasse S and Kaynia AM (2008) Van Aalst MK, Helmer M, de Jong C, Monasso F, van Sluis E and Suarez P (2007) Van Westen CJ, Van Asch TWJ and Soeters R (2006) Voight B (1990) Volkwein A, Schellenberg K, Labiouse V, Agliardi F, Berger F Bourrier F, Dorren LKA, Gerber W and Jaboyedoff M (2011) Willows RI and Connell RK (eds) (2003) Wilson RA, Moon AT, Hendrickx M and Stewart IE (2005) Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T and Davis I (2004) World Bank (2010) Zêzere JL, Garcia RAC, Oliveira SC and Reis E (2007) Chapter 9 Estimating the consequences 9.1. Introduction Figure 9.1 9.2. Elements at risk 9.3. Using the historical record 9.4. Categories of adverse consequences 9.5. Loss of life and injury Table 9.1 9.6. Direct impact on buildings, structures and infra-structure (direct economic costs/losses) 9.7. Other economic costs that may be estimated in advance 9.8. Intangible losses 9.9. Uncertain consequences 9.10. Consequence models Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 9.4 Table 9.5 Example 9.1 Table 9.6 Example 9.2 Figure 9.2 Table 9.7 Table 9.8 Example 9.3 Table 9.9 Example 9.4 Example 9.5 Example 9.6 Table 9.10 Table 9.11 Figure 9.3 Table 9.12 Table 9.13 Example 9.7 Table 9.14 9.11. Multiple-outcome consequence models Example 9.8 Table 9.15 Figure 9.4 Example 9.9 Figure 9.5 Figure 9.6 Example 9.10 Figure 9.7 9.12. Complex outcomes and uncertain futures References Abelson P (2007) Adams WC (1986) Alexander DE (1989) Alexander DE (2002) Alexander DE (2005) Alfors JT, Burnett JL and Gay TE (1973) Australian Government (2008) Bacon J and Bacon S (1988) Bateman I, Carson RT, Day B, Hanemann WM, Hanley N, Hett T, Jones-Lee M, Loomes G, Mourato S, Ozdemiroglu E and Pearce DW (2002) Bellavance F, Dionne G and Lebeau M (2009) Bishop AW, Hutchinson JN, Penman AD M and Evans HE (1969) Bucknam RC (2001) Building Research Establishment (1981) Bunce C, Cruden DM and Morgenstern NR (1997) Cardinali M, Reichenbach P, Guzzetti F, Ardizzone F, Antonini G, Galli M, Cacciano M, Castellani M and Salvati P (2002) Carrara A and Merenda L (1976) Carreno R and Bonnard C (1999) Catenacci V (1992) Chan RKS (2000) Coburn A and Spence R (1992) Cory J and Sopinka J (1989) Crescenti U (1986) Crozier MJ (1986) Davies WN and Christie HD (1996) Del Prete M and Petley DJ (1982) Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (2002) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ERM-Hong Kong (1999) Evans NC and King JP (1998) Evans NC, Huang SW and King JP (1997) Fell R, Ho KKS, Lacasse S and Leroi E (2005) Fulton ARG, Jones DKC and Lazzari S (1987) Gardner T (1754) Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana (1998) Gill J (2011) Godt JW and Savage WZ (1999) Gokceoglu C, Sonmez H, Nefeslioglu H, Duman TY and Can T (2005) Government of Hong Kong (1972a) Government of Hong Kong (1972b) Griffiths JS, Hutchinson JN, Brunsden D, Petely DJ and Fookes PG (2004) Guzzetti F (2000) Halcrow Asia Partnership (1999) Hand D (2000) Harp EL and Jibson RL (1995) Harp EL and Jibson RL (1996) Harp EL, Jibson RL and Wieczorek GF (1981) Health and Safety Executive (2001) Hendron AJ Jr and Patton FD (1985) Herd DG and the Comite de Estudios Vulcanologies (1986) Hewitt K (1997) Highways Agency (1997) Ho K, Leroi E and Roberds B (2000) Ikeya H (1976) International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (1999) International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission (1980) Jibson RW (1992) Jibson RW (2006) Jones DKC (1992) Jones DKC (1995) Jones DKC and Lee EM (1994) Jones DKC, Lee EM, Hearn G and Genc S (1989) Jones-Lee MW (1989) Keefer DK (1984) Keefer DK (2002) Kiersch GA (1964) King JP (1997) King JP (1999) Kingdon-Ward J (1952) Kingdon-Ward J (1955) Lacey GN (1972) Lin CW, Shieh C-L, Yuan B-D, Shieh Y-C, Liu S-H and Lee S-Y (2003) Lipman PW and Mullineaux D (eds) (1981) Lotter M, Charman JH, Lee EM, Hengesh JV, Shilston DT and Poscher G (2005) McIntyre T (2005) Malone AW (1998) Marin A (1992) Mathers C, Vos T and Stevenson C (1999) Miller J (1974) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1993) Mooney GM (1977) Murray JG (2000) Nieto AS and Schuster RL (1999) OECD (2011) Olser T (1993) O’Riordan NJ and Milloy CJ (1995) Parker DJ, Green CH and Thompson PM (1987) Pearce DW, Cline WR, Achanta AN, Fankhauser S, Pachauri RK, Tol RSJ and Vellinga P (1995) Pearce D, Atkinson G and Mourato S (2006) Peek-Asa C, Ramirez M, Shoaf K and Seligson H (2002) Penning-Rowsell EC, Green CH, Thompson PM, Coker AM, Tunstall SM, Richards C and Parker DJ (1992) Pethick JS (1996) Petley DN (2012) Petley DN, Dunning SA and Rosser NJ (2005) Plafker G and Ericksen GE (1978) Pradham EK, West KP Jr, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Khatry SK and Shrestha SR (2007) Regione Basilicata (1987) Rozier IT and Reeves MJ (1979) San Francisco Chronicle (1983) Sanchez C, Lee TS, Batts D, Benjamin J and Malilay J (2009) Sapir DG and Misson C (1992) Sassa K, Fukuoka, H and Carreno R (2009) Schuster RL (1983) Schuster RL and Fleming RW (1986) Shilston DT, Lee EM, Pollos-Pirallo S, Morgan D, Clarke J, Fookes PG and Brunsden D (2005) Smallwood ARH, Morley RS, Hardingham AD, Ditchfield C and Castleman J (1997) Smith K (2001) Stalin Benitez A (1989) Suleman MS, N’Jai A, Green CH and Penning-Rowsell EC (1988) Tavenas F, Chagnon JY and LaRochelle P (1971) Taype V (1979) Ulusay R, Aydan O and Kilic R (2007) University of Utah (1984) US Geological Survey (1989) USAID (2000) Valentin H (1954) Van Westen CJ, Van Asch TWJ and Soeters R (2006) Viscusi W (2003) Walkinshaw J (1992) Wang WN, Wu HL, Nakamura H, Wu S-C, Ouyang S and Yu M-F (2003) Wieczorek GF, Larsen MC, Eaton LS, Morgan BA and Blair JL (2001) Wong HN and Ho KKS (1996) Wong HN, Ho KKS and Chan YC (1997) Yoshimatsu H (1999) Chapter 10 Quantifying risk 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Current annual risk Example 10.1 Example 10.2 Figure 10.1 Table 10.1 Example 10.3 Figure 10.2 Table 10.2 Example 10.4 Table 10.3 Table 10.4 Figure 10.3 Figure 10.4 10.3. Cliff recession risk Figure 10.5 Table 10.5 Figure 10.6 Example 10.5 Table 10.6 Example 10.6 Table 10.7 10.4. Comparing the risks associated with different management options Example 10.7 Example 10.8 Table 10.8 Example 10.9 Table 10.9 Table 10.10 Example 10.10 Figure 10.7 10.5. Individual risk Table 10.11 Table 10.12 Figure 10.8 Table 10.13 Example 10.11 Table 10.14 Example 10.12 Table 10.15 Example 10.13 10.6. Societal risk Example 10.14 Table 10.16 Figure 10.9 Example 10.15 Table 10.17 Figure 10.10 Example 10.16 Table 10.18 10.7. Statistics are signs from God? Table 10.19 References Bedford T and Cooke RM (2001) Bottelberghs PH (2000) Brighton and Hove City Council (2006) Bunce C, Cruden DM and Morgenstern NR (1997) ERM-Hong Kong (1998a) ERM-Hong Kong (1998b) ERM-Hong Kong (1999) Fell R and Hartford D (1997) Ford R (2000) Hall JW, Lee EM and Meadowcroft IC (2000) Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (1992) Ho K, Leroi E and Roberds B (2000) IChemE (Institution of Chemical Engineers) (1992) Kauer R, Fabbri L, Giribone R and Heerings J (2002) Knights D and Vurdubakis T (1993) Lee EM and Clark AR (2002) MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) (1993) National Research Council (1989) Pethick JS and Leggett D (1993) Plough A and Krimsky S (1987) Royal Society (1992) Siegal K and Gibson WC (1988) Slovic P, Fischhoff B and Lichtenstein S (1980) Spouge J (1999) Sterling GH and Strobeck EE (1973) Stern PC and Fineberg HV (eds) (1996) Valentin H (1954) Vinnem JE (2007) Vrijing JK and van Gelder PHA JM (1997) Wong HN, Ho KKS and Chan YC (1997) Chapter 11 From risk estimation to landslide management strategy 11.1. Introduction to landslide risk management Figure 11.1 11.2. Assessment criteria 11.3. Risk acceptance criteria: legal frameworks 11.4. Acceptable or tolerable risks: the ALARP principle in the UK Figure 11.2 11.5. Individual risk criteria Table 11.1 Table 11.2 Table 11.3 11.6. Societal risk criteria Figure 11.3 Figure 11.4 Figure 11.5 11.7. Corporate risk management: major accident risk criteria Figure 11.6 Figure 11.7 11.8. Applying the ALARP principle: loss of life Example 11.1 Example 11.2 11.9. Applying the ALARP principle: economic risk Table 11.4 Table 11.5 Example 11.3 Table 11.6 Table 11.7 Example 11.4 11.10. Environmental protection Figure 11.8 Example 11.5 Example 11.6 Table 11.8 11.11. Environmental acceptability 11.12. Corporate risk management: the risk matrix approach Table 11.9 11.13. Future uncertainty: implications for landslide management Figure 11.9 Table 11.10 Table 11.11 11.14. 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