Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth

Description

Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth explores how groundwater, often invisibly, improves peoples’ lives and livelihoods. This unique collection of 19 studies captures experiences of groundwater making a difference in 16 countries in Africa, South America and Asia. Such studies are rarely documented and this book provides a rich new collection of interdisciplinary analysis. The book is published in colour and includes many original diagrams and photographs. Spring water, wells or boreholes have provided safe drinking water and reliable water for irrigation or industry for millennia. However, the hidden nature of groundwater often means that it’s important role both historically and in the present is overlooked. This collection helps fill this knowledge gap, providing a diverse set of new studies encompassing different perspectives and geographies. Different interdisciplinary methodologies are described that can help understand linkages between groundwater, livelihoods and growth, and how these links can be threatened by over-use, contamination, and ignorance. Written for a worldwide audience of practitioners, academics and students with backgrounds in geology, engineering or environmental sciences; Groundwater for Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth is essential reading for those involved in groundwater and international development. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Contributors Introduction: Groundwater, sustainable livelihoods and equitable growth 1 Groundwater and livelihood in Gunungsewu karst area, Indonesia 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Hydrogeology and water resource situation 1.3 Groundwater extraction and water supply development 1.4 Livelihood and water scarcity adaptation strategy 1.4.1 Living condition and adaptation strategy 1.4.1.1 Seasonal crop farming 1.4.1.2 Agroforestry 1.4.1.3 Livestock raising 1.4.1.4 Migration 1.4.1.5 Groundwater-related tourism 1.4.2 Water consumption pattern 1.5 Impact of water supply development 1.6 Summary Acknowledgments References 2 Groundwater resources development for livelihoods enhancement in the Sahel Region: a case study of Niger 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Materials and methods 2.3 Rural livelihood and groundwater supply 2.4 Concept and theories for analyzing livelihood 2.4.1 Sustainable livelihoods framework 2.4.2 Livelihood zoning 2.5 Case study – Niger 2.5.1 Institutional arrangement and water-related policy in Niger 2.5.2 Groundwater supply and rural livelihood in Niger 2.5.2.1 Groundwater supply for irrigation 2.5.2.2 Groundwater supply for other uses 2.5.3 Livelihood zoning in Niger 2.5.4 Rural livelihoods: groundwater interventions and agriculture 2.6 Discussions 2.7 Conclusions References 3 Groundwater, informal abstraction, and peri-urban dwellers in the Techiman Municipality of Ghana 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Peri-urbanism in Africa 3.1.2 Peri-urban water supply in Africa 3.2 Methods, data and study area 3.3 Results and discussion 3.3.1 Water supply in the Techiman Municipality 3.3.2 Extent of dependence 3.3.3 Drivers of informal water supplies 3.3.4 Challenges 3.3.4.1 Operators 3.3.4.2 Customers 3.3.5 Discussion 3.3.6 Lessons learned from Techiman Municipality 3.4 Conclusion References 4 Urban development and intensive groundwater use in African coastal areas: the case of Lomé urban area in Togo 4.1 Introduction 4.2 General settings of African coastal urban areas 4.2.1 Importance and specificities of African coastal areas 4.2.2 Benefits of groundwater exploitation 4.3 Case study of Lomé urban area 4.3.1 Context 4.3.1.1 Uncontrolled urban development 4.3.1.2 Togolese coastal sedimentary basin 4.3.2 Groundwater contribution to urban growth 4.3.2.1 The area covered by water utilities 4.3.2.2 Outside the area covered by water utilities 4.3.2.3 Household water access 4.3.2.4 An urban economy based on groundwater 4.3.3 The challenges of groundwater management in coastal urban areas 4.3.3.1 Impacts of urbanisation on groundwater 4.3.3.2 The climate threat 4.3.3.3 Management challenges 4.4 Conclusion References 5 Contribution of groundwater towards urban household water security 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Occurrence of groundwater in Budiriro 5B 5.3 Municipal water supply in Harare 5.4 Groundwater and household water security in Budiriro 5B 5.4.1 Boreholes and wells 5.5 Summary References 6 Sustainable and resilient exploitation of small alluvial aquifers in the Brazilian semi-arid region: the experience of Sumé 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Sumé alluvial aquifer 6.3 The alluvial aquifer role in resilience to drought 6.4 Appropriate technologies for increasing water availability 6.4.1 Underground dams 6.4.2 “Duck bill” well 6.5 Integrated use of reservoir and aquifer 6.6 Community organization and engagement 6.7 Remaining challenges 6.7.1 Appropriation of modeling tools 6.7.2 Managed aquifer recharge 6.7.3 Groundwater salinity 6.7.4 Governance 6.8 Summary Acknowledgments References 7 Stubble burning in northwestern India: is it related to groundwater overexploitation? 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Why stubble burning? 7.2.1 Stubble burning and groundwater overexploitation 7.3 Potential strategies and approaches 7.3.1 Reduce area under paddy and pursue crop diversification 7.3.2 Expanding basmati cultivation during kharif 7.3.3 A relook into The Haryana Preservation of Subsoil Water Act, 2009 7.3.4 Technological innovation 7.3.5 Finding other uses of crop residues 7.4 Stubble burning – a village view 7.5 Way forward Acknowledgments References 8 Groundwater recharge through landscape restoration and surface water harvesting for climate resilience: the case of upper Tekeze river basin, Northern Ethiopia 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials and methods 8.2.1 Characteristics of the study area 8.2.2 Research approach 8.3 Results and discussion 8.3.1 Properties of soils and rocks in Tigray 8.3.2 Landscape restoration and groundwater recharge in Abreha Weatsbeha Watershed 8.3.3 Landscape restoration and groundwater recharge in the Sero Watershed 8.3.4 Landscape restoration and groundwater recharge in Daero Weyni watershed 8.3.5 Dam construction and groundwater recharge in the May Demu watershed 8.3.6 Emerging dynamics in surface water and groundwater use in Korir Dam 8.4 Implications for climate resilience and opportunities for conjunctive use 8.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 9 The Quaternary aquifer: an affordable resource to address water scarcity in the northern part of the Lake Chad basin 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 A working area of 300,000 km[sup(2)] 9.1.2 Surface water resources 9.1.3 A booming water demand 9.1.4 The challenge of exploiting natural resources 9.1.5 The security issue 9.2 The development of groundwater resources 9.2.1 The Quaternary aquifer 9.2.2 Well productivity 9.2.3 The various options for groundwater intake and abstraction 9.2.4 The water depth 9.2.5 The cost of water 9.3 Modelling aquifer water balance and long-term sustainability 9.3.1 Purpose of the model 9.3.2 Building the model 9.3.3 Calibrating the model 9.3.4 Groundwater flow patterns 9.3.5 The water balance 9.3.6 Simulation of the most likely developments 9.4 The water quality issue 9.4.1 Salty waters 9.4.2 Natron 9.4.3 Nitrates 9.5 Management of the water service 9.5.1 Accessing the water resource is not the main issue 9.5.2 The cost of water abstracted from the Quaternary aquifer 9.5.3 Households’ ability to pay 9.5.4 Decentralised management of water distribution systems 9.6 Summary References 10 An overview of Karst groundwater springs in Al Jabal Al Akhdar region (North East Libya) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Hydrogeology 10.3 Groundwater springs 10.4 Springs discharge 10.5 Springs water quality 10.6 Springs water use 10.6.1 Shahat area (Cyrene) springs 10.6.2 Al Qubah area springs 10.6.3 Derna area springs 10.7 Conclusion References 11 The governance and water security of groundwater obtained from private domestic wells in periurban areas in Brazil: a case study on the Guandu river basin in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Governance of groundwater 11.2.1 The “four layers” of groundwater management at the municipal level – the origin of the problem 11.3 The intermittency of the water supply and the water crisis 11.4 Environmental characteristics of the Guandu river basin 11.4.1 Geology and groundwater occurrence in the Guandu river basin 11.4.2 Groundwater hydrochemistry and contamination in the Guandu river basin 11.4.2.1 Groundwater hydrochemistry 11.4.2.2 Groundwater contamination 11.5 Individual alternative systems as a source of supply for the periurban population during water crisis 11.6 The resilience of periurban communities 11.7 What is being done to improve governance and water security 11.8 Conclusion Notes References 12 Groundwater policy, legal and institutional framework situation analysis: gaps and action plan: the case of Malawi 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Background 12.1.2 Groundwater occurrence in Malawi 12.2 Methodology 12.2.1 PLI framework situation analysis 12.3 Policy legal and institutional framework for groundwater management in Malawi 12.3.1 Policies to support groundwater management 12.3.2 Legislation to support groundwater management 12.3.3 Strategy and guidelines necessary to support groundwater 12.3.4 Institutional framework 12.3.4.1 Institutional arrangements to support groundwater management 12.3.4.2 Institutional gaps and challenges identified 12.4 Discussion 12.4.1 Must haves 12.4.2 Should haves 12.4.3 Could haves 12.5 Conclusions References 13 Groundwater: a juggernaut of socio-economic development and stability in the arid region of Kachchh 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Kachchh: a true oasis 13.1.2 Water resources of Kachchh: the concealed treasures 13.1.3 2001: the year of change for Kachchh 13.2 Comparing the development story of Kachchh (pre-2001 and post-2001) 13.2.1 Achieving new milestones in the agriculture sector and animal husbandry 13.2.2 Attracting large industries, extracting minerals and creating shipping hub 13.2.3 Opening new gateways through the tourism 13.3 Groundwater in the story of Kachchh: experience from the field explorations 13.4 Analysing the factors driving the groundwater depletion in Kachchh 13.5 Reviving from the stage of peril 13.5.1 Institutionalising groundwater 13.5.2 Preventive measures (managing supply) 13.5.3 Adaptive measures (managing demand) 13.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References 14 The role of groundwater in economic and social development of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Midwest of Brazil 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Location 14.3 Aquifers 14.4 Main economic activities 14.4.1 Agriculture 14.4.2 Livestock 14.4.3 Pig farming 14.4.4 Silviculture 14.4.5 Slaughterhouses and tannery 14.4.6 Mining 14.4.7 Tourism 14.5 Social aspects 14.5.1 Indigenous communities 14.5.2 Quilombolas 14.5.3 Rural settlements 14.6 Environmental aspects 14.7 Challenges 14.8 Summary Acknowledgements References 15 Valuing groundwater use: resolving the potential of groundwater in the Upper Great Ruaha River Catchment of Tanzania 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Methodology 15.2.1 Study area 15.2.2 Research design and data collection methods 15.2.3 Data analysis 15.2.3.1 Descriptive analysis 15.2.3.2 Financial analysis 15.2.3.3 Cost-benefit analysis basic assumptions 15.2.3.4 Binary logistic regression 15.3 Results and discussion 15.3.1 Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of respondents 15.3.2 Groundwater source and usage 15.3.3 Groundwater usage at household level 15.3.4 Determinants of quantity of water use per day 15.3.5 Irrigation practices using groundwater source in the study area 15.3.6 Reasons for accessing and using groundwater 15.3.7 Cost-benefit analysis 15.3.7.1 Short-term cost-benefit analysis 15.3.7.2 Financial viability of groundwater 15.3.8 Socio-economic factors influencing the use of groundwater by smallholder farmers 15.3.9 Threats and challenges on the groundwater use 15.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 16 Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater: operational and water management strategies to build resilience, water security, and adaptation 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Main challenges faced by small cities, rural settlements, and irrigated agriculture in South America and Brazil 16.2.1 The role of surface and groundwater: theory, practice gaps, and reality 16.2.2 Status on vulnerability and its impact on people, the environment, and the economy 16.3 Conjunctive use – concept, definitions, and potential 16.4 Potential applications in Brazil 16.4.1 The advantages of conjunctive use under hydrological uncertainty: economic benefits and operational strategies 16.4.1.1 Operational strategies 16.4.2 How to integrate existing (and new) water resources management framework and instruments 16.5 Conclusions References 17 The role of groundwater in rural water supply: the case of six villages of Taunggyi District, Southern Shan State, Myanmar 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 Purpose 17.2 Study area: Taunggyi District, Southern Shan State 17.2.1 Location and administrative boundaries 17.2.2 Geography, climate, and geology 17.3 Methodology 17.4 Results and discussion: the role of groundwater in rural water supply of Taunggyi District 17.4.1 Quantity and distribution of springs across Taunggyi District 17.4.2 Case studies 17.4.2.1 Case study 1: Loikun Village, Kakku Village Tract, Taunggyi Township 17.4.2.2 Case study 2: Boung Kyaungnar Village, Naung Pi Village Tract, Pinlaung Township 17.4.2.3 Case study 3: Nwng Mun Village, Nwng Mun Village Tract, Hsihseng Township 17.4.2.4 Case study 4: Taung Kham Village, Kyaukgu Village Tract, Indaw Sub-township, Lawksauk Township 17.4.2.5 Case study 5: Naungya Saing Village, Kone Kying Village Tract and Nan Kun Village, Paung Lin Village Tract, Hopong Township 17.4.2.6 Case study 6: Inn Nge Village, Inn Nge Village Tract, Pindaya Township 17.5 Overall discussion 17.6 Conclusion References 18 Groundwater-driven paddy farming in West Bengal: how a smallholder-unfriendly farm power policy affects livelihoods of farmers 18.1 Background 18.2 Introduction 18.3 Literature review 18.4 Analytical background for the pilot 18.5 Noises and limitations in the experiment 18.6 Results 18.6.1 Power consumption, profits, and prices 18.6.2 Understanding the dynamics being water market players 18.6.2.1 Collusion for price setting 18.6.2.2 Belief in stickiness of prices 18.6.2.3 Informal agreement on command area 18.6.2.4 Dependence for other services 18.6.3 Highly oligopolistic market structure 18.6.4 Billing cycle and late payment surcharges 18.7 Conclusion Note References 19 Assessment of options for small-scale groundwater irrigation in Lao PDR 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Description of the study area 19.3 Research methodology 19.3.1 Approach 19.3.2 Methods 19.4 Results 19.4.1 Open dugwells 19.4.2 Deep boreholes 19.5 Discussion 19.5.1 Factors contributing to successful groundwater irrigation 19.5.2 Comparative exploration of the two options 19.5.3 Governance considerations for scaling up 19.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments Notes References Index