Bottom-up Responses to Crisis

Description

https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783030393113 Crises occur in all societies across world, and can be natural (such as hurricanes, flooding, and earthquakes), man-made (such as wars and economic downturns), or, often, a combination of both (such as famines, the flooding of New Orleans in 2005 after Hurricane Katrina and subsequent levy failures, and the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011). Crises cause fatalities, injuries, and property damages as well as introduce uncertainty and challenges for individuals, societies, and polities. Yet, we see individuals and communities rebounding effectively from crises all the time. How do communities go about returning to normalcy and beginning again the mundane life of every day affairs? This edited volume looks at bottom-up responses to crises. The chapters in this volume will highlight the ingenuity and persistence of individuals and private organizations as well as discuss the possibilities, limitations, and adaptability of bottom-up responses. It argues that there are many ways that local leaders, entrepreneurs, and community members can play a role in their own recovery by examining the capabilities, feedback mechanisms, and network effects of decentralized crisis response and recovery efforts. Chapters will focus on the role of local emergency managers in the disaster management process and offer suggestions for reform and the role of businesses, citizens, and children in providing crisis response and recovery. This book will also consider theories of self-governance and nonviolent action in encouraging and sustaining bottom-up recovery. Contents List of Contributors List of Figures List of Tables 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Why Bottom-Up Response and Recovery Efforts Matter 1.3 Summary of Chapters in the Volume References 2: The What, How, and Why of Bottom-Up Rebuilding and Recovery After Natural Disasters 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The What, How, and Why of Bottom-Up Responses to Disasters 2.2.1 What Bottom-Up Efforts Can Do 2.2.2 How Bottom-Up Efforts Respond and Aid in Recovery 2.2.3 Why Individuals Leverage Bottom-Up Efforts 2.3 Case Studies of Bottom-Up Efforts Following Disasters 2.3.1 Bottom-Up Assistance in the Orthodox Jewish Community, Bayswater, New York 2.3.2 The Broadmoor Improvement Association in Broadmoor, New Orleans 2.4 Policies That Promote Bottom-Up Efforts 2.5 Conclusion References 3: Nonviolent Action 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Early Thinkers and Practitioners 3.2.1 Pre-Nineteenth Century 3.2.2 The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries 3.2.3 The Late Twentieth Century 3.3 Gene Sharp 3.4 Contemporary Work on Nonviolent Action 3.5 Conclusion References 4: The Private Sector’s Contribution to Natural Disaster Response 4.1 Introduction 4.2 What Has the Private Sector Done? 4.3 Why the Private Sector Is So Effective 4.4 Bottom-Up Responses Within Firms 4.5 Rebuilding Community Through the Market 4.6 Conclusion References 5: Formation of Public–Private Partnerships by Local Emergency Managers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Federal Guidance for Local Emergency Management 5.2.1 Whole Community 5.2.2 Public–Private Partnerships and the Collective Impact Model 5.3 Local Emergency Management Challenges 5.3.1 Centralization and Instability 5.3.2 Emergency Management Finances 5.3.3 Emergency Management Skills 5.4 Federal Emergency Management Guidance and Federalism 5.5 Conclusion References 6: Children Take Charge: Helping Behaviors and Organized Action Among Young People After Hurricane Katrina 6.1 Prologue 6.2 Introduction 6.3 Approach 6.4 Children’s Helping Behaviors after Hurricane Katrina 6.4.1 How Did Children Help? 6.4.1.1 Donating and Raising Money 6.4.1.2 Collecting and Donating Material Goods and Supplies 6.4.1.3 Assisting with Restoration and Rebuilding Activities 6.4.1.4 Supporting Mental Health and Raising Spirits 6.4.1.5 Developing Programs and Raising Awareness 6.4.1.6 Creating New Organizations 6.4.2 How Old Were the Children Who Helped? 6.4.3 Where Were the Children Who Helped and Who Were They Affiliated With? 6.4.4 When Did Children Help? 6.4.5 Which Organizations Did Children Contribute To? 6.4.6 A Sum Total of Children’s Contributions 6.5 Conclusion References 7: Bottom-Up State-Building 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Political, Economic, and Social Dimensions of State-Building 7.3 The Political Economy of the Collapse of the Afghan State 7.4 Why State-Building Failed to Deliver on its Promise 7.4.1 The Political Dimension 7.4.2 The Economic Dimension 7.4.3 The Social/Cultural Dimension 7.5 Conclusion References 8: Government Intervention Induced Structural Crises: Exploratory Notes on the Patterns of Evolution and Response 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Crises Induced by Governments 8.3 The Venezuelan Case 8.4 The Bottom-Up Response to Structural Crises Induced by Government 8.5 Conclusion References Index