Contemporary Urban Design Thoughts in China

Description

This book proposes and systematically discusses four trends of thoughts in contemporary Chinese urban design. As the first book to systematically introduce contemporary Chinese urban design thoughts, this book objectively displays the macroscopic picture of contemporary urban design development of China from the time dimension, sorting out seven historical stages and three disputes. This book is mainly divided into two parts. The first part focuses on the vertical description, taking the major events in the seven historical stages as the context, combing the macro picture of the development of contemporary urban design in China in the last 100 years, and describing the three controversies in this process: contention, subject, and legalization. The second part focuses on horizontal observations, puts forward and systematically discusses the four trends of thought formed in the development of contemporary urban design in China, including “Design of Form,” “Synthesis of Design,” “Control of Design,” and “Design of Rule”. This part discusses their development background, theoretical support, and key concepts in detail and finally conducts critical thinking. The whole book is based on historical events, archives, and papers published in Chinese academic journals. While sorting out, summarizing, and objectively discussing, it also makes a critique of urban design activities and academic thinking in China, which will greatly benefit scholars and readers who are interested in urban design history of contemporary China. Preface Overview Contents About the Authors 1 Introduction: Essence and Inheritance—Traditional Chinese Thought on Urban Design 1.1 Integration of Ideas in the Overall Picture 1.2 The Overall City Management Concept 1.3 Measures to Fit Local Conditions 1.4 Case Studies References 2 Introduction and Symbiosis—Seven Stages and Three Controversies Reference 3 Infiltration of Early Western Design Ideas (Prelude Before 1949) 3.1 Concession Construction 3.1.1 British Concession in Tianjin 3.1.2 Shanghai International Settlement 3.2 Urban Planning 3.2.1 City Plan of Nanking 3.2.2 Two City Plans of Shanghai 3.2.3 “Building a New Zhengzhou Movement” 3.2.4 The Urban Design Outline of Guangzhou 3.3 Urban Form Planning 3.4 Chinese Studies References 4 Soviet Model, Urban Planning and Design (1949–1950s) 4.1 The Liang-Chen Scheme 4.2 Top-Down Overall Planning Model 4.2.1 General Policy of Urban Construction 4.2.2 Construction Procedure of the Overall Planning Mode 4.2.3 Management System and Technical Documents of the Overall Plan Mode 4.2.4 Design Department of the Overall Planning Mode 4.3 Soviet Experience and Experts 4.3.1 The Birth of the Terms Urban Planning, Urban Planning and Design 4.3.2 Heroic Urban Design Method 4.3.3 Two Attitudes Towards Material Heritage 4.3.4 Typical Urban Form—Unit Compound 4.4 The Qingdao Conference 4.4.1 Overview of the Qingdao Conference [18] 4.4.2 Extension of the Qingdao Conference 4.5 Preliminary Teaching Materials for Urban Design References 5 Dilemma Under Political Movements (Late 1950s–1970s) 5.1 Demolishing City Walls 5.1.1 Demolishing the City Walls in Tianjin, Shanghai, and Hangzhou 5.1.2 Demolishing the City Walls of Beijing 5.1.3 Analysis of Demolishing City Walls 5.2 The Anti-city 5.2.1 No Urban Planning for Three Years 5.2.2 The Productive City 5.2.3 The “Super Economy” 5.2.4 The Cultural Revolution 5.2.5 Architectural Form and Historic Preservation 5.3 Exploration of Dilemmas 5.3.1 Exploration into the Rural Design 5.3.2 The Four Cases of Urban Design 5.3.3 The Original Exploration of Design in Local Cities 5.4 The Birth and Prosperity of the Western Modern Urban Design 5.4.1 The Birth of Western Modern Design 5.4.2 The Big Events During the Development of the Western Modern Urban Design References 6 Introduction and Exploration of Modern Urban Design in Europe and America (the Late 1970–1980s) 6.1 Prelude to Academic Exchange and Introduction 6.2 Four Professional Meetings 6.3 Investigation and Introduction 6.3.1 Two-Time Investigation of America 6.3.2 Academic Exchange and Introduction 6.4 Four Translated Works 6.5 A Group of Scholars and New Definitions 6.5.1 A Group of Scholars 6.5.2 Exploration into the Meaning of Urban Design 6.6 Establishment of Famous Historical and Cultural Cities 6.7 Four Early Practices and a Research Report 6.7.1 The Planning of the New District of Hongqiao, Shanghai and the Planning and Design of Beijing’s Wangjing District 6.7.2 Design of the Xinjiekou District in Nanjing 6.7.3 Planning and Design of the Wumaci Street in Qufu, Shandong 6.8 Chapter 6 Column: Chronology of Events from the End of 1970 to the End of the 1980s References 7 Emergence of the Localized Theories, Methods, and Practice (the 1990s) 7.1 The Deepening of Cognition and the Expansion of Dimension 7.2 Two Laws 7.2.1 City Planning Law 7.2.2 Regulations for Formulating City Planning 7.3 The International Symposium on Urban Design in Haikou 7.4 The Capital’s Scape 7.5 Chapter 7 Column: Articles that Focused on Shaping the capital’s Outlook 7.6 Four Examples 7.6.1 Ju’er Hutong in Beijing 7.6.2 Two Blocks: No. 22 and No. 23-1 in Shenzhen’s Central District 7.6.3 A Central District: Urban Design of Lujiazui Area in Shanghai, Pudong 7.6.4 A Development Zone: Suzhou Industrial Township 7.7 Locally Oriented Theories and Methods 7.7.1 The Concept of a Landscape City 7.7.2 The Concept of Designing Compact Cities with Landscape and Leaving Interstitial Space 7.7.3 Traditional Chinese Ideas of Urban Space Systems 7.7.4 The Coordinating Idea 7.7.5 Other Design Ideas 7.8 Local Regulations 7.9 Chapter 7 Column: Chronology of Events in the 1990s References 8 Thriving Practice of Urban Design and Its Institutionalization and Systematization (the 2000s) 8.1 One Street, Two Towns, and Three Districts 8.1.1 Commercial Pedestrian Streets 8.1.2 University Town 8.1.3 New Towns 8.1.4 Economic and Technological Development Zone 8.1.5 Central Business District 8.1.6 Urban Waterfront 8.2 The Three Disputed Buildings 8.2.1 The National Center for the Performing Arts 8.2.2 The National Stadium (“The Bird’s Nest”) 8.2.3 The CCTV Headquarters 8.3 Discussion on the Implementation Systems 8.3.1 Dujiangyan Conference 8.3.2 The Study of Institutionalization and Systemization 8.4 Control Guidelines 8.5 Construction of Dependent Urban and Rural Planning Systems 8.6 Problems in the Thriving Practice of Urban Design 8.7 Chapter 8 Column: Chronology of Events in the 2000s References 9 A New Situation in the New Era (Since the 2010s) 9.1 New Starting Point: Standing on the International Frontier 9.2 The New Status: The Strategic Tool of the State 9.2.1 The Unprecedented Attention from the Central Government 9.2.2 Proactive Innovation by Local Governments 9.3 New Technology: Multidimensional Theory and Application of New Technology 9.4 Chronology of Events Since 2010 References 10 The Three Controversies of Contemporary Urban Design in China 10.1 Controversy Over Connotation 10.2 Disputes Over Attribution 10.3 Controversy Over Legalization References 11 Consensus and Contention—The Four Thoughts 11.1 The Overview References 12 Design of Form 12.1 Physical Body Order in Rapid Development 12.1.1 The Coexistence of Dynamism and Chaos 12.1.2 The Contradictions Between the New and the Old 12.1.3 Construction Becomes Mainstream Thought 12.2 Characteristics of the Theoretical Trend of Physical Design 12.3 Three Basic Theories of Design of Form 12.3.1 The Figure–Ground Relation Theory: Finding the Tool of the Urban Context 12.3.2 Place Theory—Urban Architectural Design Theory 12.3.3 Environmental Behavior Theory—Urban Spatial Design Theory 12.4 Four Keywords Based on the Overall Order 12.4.1 Keyword 1: Integration of Material Space 12.4.2 Keyword 2: Extension of Architectural Design 12.4.3 Keyword 3: Overall Art of Urban Material Form 12.4.4 Keyword 4: Mathematical Logic of Physical Form 12.5 A Readily Accepted Hypothesis 12.5.1 The Ease of Understanding 12.5.2 Predicament of the Future Material Space Hypothesis 12.5.3 What is Deep Structure? 12.6 Elite Values 12.7 Engineering Design Thinking 12.8 The Dilemma of a Holistic Resolution 12.8.1 Discrepancy Brought About by Rapid Development 12.8.2 Technology Development and Boundary Redefinition 12.8.3 New Cognition of Order References 13 Synthesis of Design 13.1 Separation of Elements from Design to Implementation 13.1.1 Separation Between Urban Planning and Architectural Design 13.1.2 The Separation Between Each Construction Party of the City 13.1.3 Separation of Urban Space-Related Design 13.1.4 Dispersion of Various Urban Planning and Design Concepts 13.2 Characteristics of the Synthesis of Design Theory 13.3 Theoretical References of Synthesis of Design 13.4 Four Key Words on Synthesis of Design 13.4.1 Keyword 1: Collaborative Mediation of a Multidisciplinary Integrated Work 13.4.2 Keyword 2: An Organic Component of Urban Planning 13.4.3 Keyword 3: More Specific and Comprehensive Practice of Urban Planning 13.4.4 Keyword 4: Comprehensive Design Method for Optimizing Human Settlement Environment 13.4.5 Performing the Artistic Functions of Urban Planning 13.5 Practical Orientation Problems 13.6 Disputes Over Unqualified Intermediaries 13.7 Urban Design or Urban Planning References 14 Control of Design 14.1 Management and Control During Market Failure 14.1.1 The Urban Chaos Under Market Mechanism 14.1.2 Emphasis on the Rule of Law 14.1.3 The Emergence and Development of Regulatory Detailed Planning 14.1.4 The Introduction of American Urban Design Guidelines 14.2 The Characteristics of the Design Control’s Theoretical Trend 14.3 Theoretical Background of Attaching Importance to Process 14.3.1 The Transformation of Urban Epistemology—A Continuously Changing Historical Process 14.3.2 Urban Catalyst Theory 14.4 Five Keywords Related to the Design Control’s Theoretical Trends 14.4.1 Keyword 1: Urban Design Guidelines as a Tool 14.4.2 Keyword 2: Urban Planning System as the Support 14.4.3 Keyword 3: Urban Landscape Control as the Main Purpose 14.4.4 Keyword 4: Seeing Local Laws and Regulations as a Guarantee 14.4.5 Keyword 5: Seeing the Land Contract Development as the Main Implementation Strategy 14.5 Query on Control Boundaries 14.6 Localization of Foreign Experience Remains to be Determined 14.7 The Fuzzy Value Standard 14.8 Insufficient Elasticity or Insufficient Rigidity References 15 Design of Rule 15.1 A New Understanding of Urban Design in the Context of Public Policy 15.1.1 Re-innovation of Urban Development Epistemology 15.1.2 China’s Contemporary Political and Economic System’s Reform Needs 15.1.3 Urban Planning Changes from Technical Documents to Public Policies 15.1.4 The New Research Trend: From Design to Management 15.2 The Characteristics of Design of Rule 15.3 Multidisciplinary Theoretical Support Based on Public Interest 15.3.1 The Concept and Theory of the Public Sphere 15.3.2 Multidisciplinary Theoretical Knowledge from Public Administration to Public Management 15.4 Five Keywords Related to the Change from Design to Management 15.4.1 Keyword 1: From Macro-sphere to Public Sphere 15.4.2 Keyword 2: From the Will of the Government to the Will of the Public 15.4.3 Keyword 3: From Physical Order to Social Order 15.4.4 Keyword 4: The Balance of Interests 15.4.5 Keyword 5: From Design Space to Design Mechanism 15.5 Criticism of Technological Thinking 15.6 The Combination of Tools and Values 15.7 Questioning Public Interest 15.8 The Improvement of Public Participation References Appendix A Data Visualization of Related Papers (1983–2014) Data Sources and Noisy Data Elimination The Data Holographic Analysis Method Results Appendix B Statistical Form of Related Works (1949–2015) Appendix C Statistical Table of Related Translations (1949–2014) Appendix D Administrative Regulations for Urban Design (2017)