Nanocomposite Membranes for Water and Gas Separation

Description

Nanocomposite Membranes for Water and Gas Separation presents an introduction to the application of nanocomposite membranes in both water and gas separation processes. This in-depth literature review and discussion focuses on state-of-the-art nanocomposite membranes, current challenges and future progress, including helpful guidelines for the further improvement of these materials for water and gas separation processes. Chapters address material development, synthesis protocols, and the numerical simulation of nanocomposite membranes, along with current challenges and future trends in the areas of water and gas separation. Cover Nanocomposite Membranes for Water and Gas Separation Copyright Contributors 1 Overview of membrane technology Introduction Transport phenomena in membranes Water transport through polymeric membranes Porous membranes Dense membranes Gas transport through polymeric membranes Poiseuille flow (convective flow) Knudsen diffusion Molecular sieving Solution diffusion Membrane fabrication methods Phase inversion Nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) Thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) Evaporation-induced phase separation (EIPS) Vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) Electrospinning Stretching Track-etching Preparation methods for composite membranes Dip coating Interfacial (in situ) polymerization Plasma polymerization Nanocomposite membranes Conventional nanocomposite membranes Surface-located nanocomposite membranes Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) TFC with nanocomposite substrate Conclusion and future prospect References 2 Recent progress in the development of nanocomposite membranes Introduction Membrane materials and processes Nanofillers used in nanocomposite membranes Nanoclays Nanooxides Fullerenes Carbon nanotubes Metallic nanoparticles Silsesquioxanes Boehmite Types of polymer matrix nanocomposites Polymer matrix nanocomposite processing techniques Applications and recent developments of nanocomposite membranes Nanocomposite membranes for gas separation Nanocomposite membranes for pervaporation Nanocomposite membranes for water treatment applications Nanocomposites membranes for desalination Nanocomposite membranes for PEM fuel cells Advanced membranes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) Nanocomposites membranes for biofuel recovery Nanocomposite membranes in fuel cells Nanocomposite membranes in the food industry Nanocomposite membranes in healthcare applications Concluding remarks References 3 Synthesis route for the fabrication of nanocomposite membranes Introduction Material selection Polymer Solvent Additives Roles of nanofillers Classification of nanofillers Metal oxides Carbon-based nanomaterials MOFs Zeolites Fabrication of nanocomposite membranes Phase inversion technique Casting for flat sheet configuration Spinning for hollow fiber configuration Interfacial polymerization for fabrication of thin film nanocomposite membranes Coating or deposition Chemical grafting Self-assembly Layer-by-layer self-assembly Modification of nanofillers Conclusions References 4 Transport phenomena through nanocomposite membranes Introduction Classification of nanocomposite membranes Conventional nanocomposite membranes Thin-film nanocomposite membranes Thin-film composite with nanocomposite substrate membranes Surface-located nanocomposite membranes Transport phenomena in nanocomposite membranes Mass transfer Mass transfer mechanism through porous membranes Mass transfer mechanism through nonporous membranes Heat transfer Conductive heat transfer Convective heat transfer Charge transfer Electron conductivity Proton conductivity Conclusions References 5 Application of functional single-element and double-element oxide nanoparticles for the development of Introduction Metal oxide nanomaterials: Types, properties, and synthesis strategies Strategies for incorporating nanomaterials into the membrane matrix Bulk/support modification Blending or direct compounding In situ preparation of nanomaterials in bulk Surface/top layer modification Coating/deposition Grafting In situ generation of nanomaterials Functionalization and surface modification of metal oxides Silane coupling agent Carboxylic acid group Organophosphorus Ionic liquids Polymer/copolymer Polydopamine Properties of polymer/single-element and double-element oxide nanocomposites Mechanical properties Physical/chemical properties Physical Chemical Thermal properties Conclusions References 6 Development of advanced nanocomposite membranes by carbon-based nanomaterials (CNTs and GO) Introduction Nanocomposite membranes Mixed matrix nanocomposite membranes Thin-film nanocomposite membranes Carbon nanomaterials Carbon nanotubes Graphene oxide NCMs containing carbon nanomaterials NCMs containing CNTs NCMs containing GO and its derivations Conclusion References 7 Development of advanced nanocomposite membranes by molecular sieving nanomaterials (zeolite and MOF) Zeolites Preparation of zeolite membranes Zeolitic crystalline membranes: Self-supported membranes Self-supported zeolitic membranes prepared without supports Self-supported zeolitic membranes prepared on temporary supports Zeolite composite membranes: Zeolitic membranes on stable supports Zeolite membranes on metallic supports Zeolite membranes on ceramic supports Zeolite-filled polymeric membranes Application of zeolites membranes for separation Gas separations Liquid separations Pervaporation Water treatment Metal-organic framework (MOF) Preparation of MOFs membranes In situ preparation Growth on unmodified support Growth on modified support Secondary (seeded) growth Microwave-assisted growth of ZIF membranes Blending method Other design strategies MOFs membrane application Liquid separation Pervaporation Organic solvent nanofiltration Water treatment Gas separation Conclusions References Further reading 8 Development of nanocomposite membranes by electrospun nanofibrous materials Introduction History of electrospinning technique An understanding into principle and working procedure of electrospinning Electrospinning parameters Different kinds of electrospinning techniques Melt electrospinning Gas jet electrospinning Coaxial electrospinning Emulsion electrospinning Needleless electrospinning Multispinneret electrospinning Applications of electrospun membranes Electrospun nanocomposite membranes Nano clays Metal oxides Zeolites Carbon nanotubes Graphene Graphene oxide Conclusion References 9 Development of nanocomposite membranes by biomimicking nanomaterials Introduction Biomaterials Cell membrane Fabrication of AQP-based desalination membrane Fabrication of AQP-based PRL membranes Fabrication of AQP-based TFN membranes Future work References 10 Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment by pressure-driven membrane processes Introduction Nanocomposite membranes Nanofillers in pressure-driven membrane processes Mineral nanofillers Zeolites Silica (SiO2) Metal and metal oxide Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Silver (Ag) Zinc oxide (ZnO) Copper (Cu) Carbon-based nanofillers Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) Nanomaterials in microfiltration and ultrafiltration membrane process Nanomaterials in nanofiltration membrane process Nanomaterials in reverse osmosis membrane process Conclusion References Further reading 11 Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment by osmotic-driven membrane processes Introduction Transport Phenomena in Osmotic-driven membranes Classification of osmotic processes Water and solute permeability Concentration polarization External concentration polarization Internal concentration polarization Osmosis membrane development Nanocomposite osmosis membranes Carbon-based nanocomposite osmosis membranes Mineral-based nanocomposite osmosis membranes Metal- and metal oxide-based nanocomposite osmosis membranes Biomimetic-based nanocomposite osmosis membranes Concluding remarks References Further reading 12 Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment by membrane distillation Introduction Gas transport through a membrane in MD Heat transfer through a membrane in MD Various MD configurations Essential parameters affecting the MD performance Concentration in the feed solution Temperature Feed and permeate flow rates MD configuration Membrane properties Liquid entry pressure (LEP) Pore size distribution Wettability and contact angle Thickness Mechanical and thermal stability Fabrication and characterization of nanocomposite membranes Materials Methods of fabrication Characterization Nanocomposite membranes in MD Dual membrane layer (hydrophilic-oleophobic) Omniphobic membranes Filler-based membranes Conclusion References 13 Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for water treatment by electrodriven membrane processes Introduction Membrane materials for electrodriven separations Cation-exchange membranes (CEMs) Cation-exchange materials based on sulfonic acid groups Cation-exchange materials based on phosphonic acid groups Anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) Anion-exchange materials based on quaternary ammonium groups Anion-exchange materials based on quaternary phosphonium groups Bipolar membranes (BPMs) Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) Functionalized membranes Graphene oxide (GO)-based membranes Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based membranes Performance indices Ion-exchange capacity Water content Surface electrical resistance Surface zeta-potential Tensile strength Elongation at break Swelling rate Current-voltage curves Ionic migration number Selective separation of monovalent ions Fouling reduction Surface roughness and hydrophilic/hydrophobic property Chemical properties Membrane preparation methods Polymer blending Porous substrates filling method In situ polymerization Electrospinning method Technology-driven modification method Electrodriven Radiation crosslinking Applications Electrodialysis Conventional electrodialysis Bipolar membranes used in electrodialysis Continuous electrodeionization Diffusion dialysis (DD) Electrodialysis reversal (EDR) Novel processes based on electrodriven membranes Conclusion and outlook References 14 Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for natural gas treatment Introduction Mixed matrix membranes Thin-film nanocomposite membranes Multilayered nanocomposite membrane Conclusion and future prospects References Further reading 15 Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for nitrogen and oxygen enrichment Introduction Oxygen and nitrogen separation techniques Pressure swing adsorption Cryogenic distillation Membrane technology Membranes for O2/N2 separation: Transport phenomena and ideal membranes Nanocomposite membranes in O2/N2 separation Metal-organic framework (MOF) Zeolite Carbon molecular sieves Current result of nanocomposite mixed matrix membrane in O2/N2 separation Conclusion and future trend References 16 Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for the recovery of hydrogen and production of syngas Introduction Gas separation membrane Hydrogen separation membranes Metallic membranes Porous inorganic membranes Zeolite membranes Silica membranes Carbon-based membranes Metal-organic frameworks Polymeric membranes Mixed matrix membranes Various types of nanocomposite membranes Metal nanoparticles Palladium ZnO MgO TiO2 Inorganic nanoparticles SiO2 Zeolites Carbon-based fillers MOFs Conclusion References 17 Prospects of nanocomposite membranes for gas separation by membrane contactors Introduction Major challenges of membrane contactors Membrane wetting Membrane fouling Membrane degradation Wetting prevention Optimizing operating conditions Optimizing membrane material Composite membranes Asymmetric membranes Surface modification Nanocomposite membranes Selection of nanocomposite materials Nanocomposite membranes for gas separations in membrane contactors Current status and future perspectives References Further reading 18 Prospects of nanocomposite membranes in commercial scale Introduction Applications of nanocomposite membranes in commercial scale Desalination Fuel cell applications Gas separation Medical applications Drug delivery Blood purification: Dialysis Cancer diagnosis and treatment Diabetes diagnosis and treatment Food packaging applications Li-ion battery Photocatalytic applications Conclusion References 19 Operational and environmental challenges of nanocomposite membranes Introduction Processing limitations of nanocomposites membranes Long-term mechanical stability of nanocomposite membranes Fouling Factors influencing fouling Modes of fouling Membrane surface modification for fouling reduction Hydrophobicity of membrane Poor dispersion of NPs Leaching of nanoparticles and membrane components Economic factors Environmental problems Toxicity References Index Back Cover