Building Energy Flexibility and Demand Management

Description

Building Energy Flexibility and Demand Management looks at the high penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources and the need for increased flexibility. Ensuring electrical power systems adapt to dynamic energy demand and supply conditions, the book supports the transition to a renewable energy future with current fluctuating power generation. By facilitating the penetration of renewable energy sources into the building sector and balancing electricity supply with demand in real-time, this book will provide fundamental concepts, theories, and methods to understand, quantify, design and optimize building energy flexibility. In addition, the book also provides case studies with emerging technologies to enhance building energy flexibility and demonstrate how demand management strategies can utilize energy flexibility for demand reduction and load shifting. It will be useful for all those researchers and engineers working in flexible energy systems and advanced demand side management strategies. Front Cover Building Energy Flexibility and Demand Management Copyright Page Contents List of contributors About the editors Preface Reference I. Foundational information and methods 1 Building energy and environmental sustainability 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Sustainability concept 1.3 Sustainable building design 1.3.1 Sustainable buildings, green buildings, and zero energy buildings 1.3.2 Principles and features of sustainable buildings 1.3.3 Methods of realizing sustainable construction 1.3.4 Advantages of sustainable buildings 1.4 Sustainable energy technologies 1.4.1 Energy production 1.4.2 Energy conservation 1.5 Government policies 1.6 Relevant codes, regulations, and standards 1.6.1 BREEAM standard 1.6.2 LEED standard 1.6.3 Green Globes building standard 1.6.4 Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency building standard 1.6.5 WELL (IWBI) building standard 1.7 Global imperatives 1.8 Summary References 2 Building energy flexibility: definitions, sources, indicators, and quantification methods 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Building energy flexibility: definitions, driving forces, and stakeholders 2.2.1 Energy flexibility definitions 2.2.2 Driving forces 2.2.2.1 Decarbonization 2.2.2.2 Grid safety 2.2.2.3 Cost-saving 2.2.2.4 Decentralization 2.2.3 Interactions between different stakeholders 2.3 Building energy flexibility: sources and indicators 2.3.1 Sources of energy flexibility in buildings 2.3.2 Energy flexibility indicators 2.4 Building energy flexibility: quantification methods 2.5 Demonstration of building energy flexibility quantification 2.5.1 Description of the case study 2.5.2 Methodology 2.5.3 Results 2.6 Summary References 3 Building energy flexibility: modeling and optimization 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Simulation methods for building energy flexibility 3.2.1 Traditional physics-based simulation methods 3.2.1.1 Modeling of building space 3.2.1.2 Modeling of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning systems 3.2.1.3 Modeling of on-site energy generation and storage systems 3.2.1.4 Simulation tools 3.2.2 Data-driven simulation methods 3.2.2.1 Artificial neural networks 3.2.2.2 Support vector regression 3.2.2.3 Decision trees 3.2.3 Summary of simulation methods 3.3 Optimization methods for building energy flexibility 3.3.1 Single-objective optimization methods 3.3.1.1 Direct search 3.3.1.2 Linear and nonlinear programming 3.3.1.3 Meta-heuristic optimization 3.3.2 Multiobjective optimization methods 3.3.2.1 Multiobjective optimization and Pareto optimality 3.3.2.2 Weighted-sum method 3.3.2.3 Pareto front–based methods 3.3.3 Cost-effectiveness improvement via optimization 3.3.4 Summary of optimization methods 3.4 Summary Acknowledgments References 4 Building energy demand management strategies and methods Nomenclature 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Demand side flexibility and management options 4.3 Energy carriers 4.3.1 Building thermal mass 4.3.2 Heat storage tanks 4.3.3 Combined cooling, heating, and power 4.4 Control systems for demand side management 4.4.1 Rule-based control methods 4.4.2 Direct optimal control methods 4.4.3 Model predictive control methods 4.5 Demand side pricing models 4.6 Summary References II. Emerging technologies and case studies for enhanced energy flexibility 5 Thermal energy storage for enhanced building energy flexibility 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Forms of thermal energy storage 5.2.1 Sensible heat storage 5.2.1.1 Water tanks 5.2.1.2 Aquifers 5.2.1.3 Ground 5.2.1.4 Structural thermal mass 5.2.2 Latent heat storage 5.2.2.1 Organic materials 5.2.2.2 Inorganic materials 5.2.2.3 Eutectic materials 5.2.3 Thermochemical heat storage 5.3 Using thermal energy storage to enhance building energy flexibility 5.3.1 Seasonal thermal energy storage 5.3.2 Short-term thermal energy storage 5.4 Limitations 5.4.1 Availability of required thermal energy storage materials 5.4.2 Low thermal conductivity of thermal energy storage materials 5.4.3 Chemical stability of thermal energy storage materials 5.4.4 Cost of thermal energy storage materials 5.5 Summary References 6 Renewable energy for enhanced building energy flexibility 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Wind power systems and building energy flexibility 6.3 Solar energy systems and building energy flexibility 6.3.1 Photovoltaic systems 6.3.2 Solar water collectors 6.3.3 Solar air heaters 6.4 Geothermal energy systems and building energy flexibility 6.5 Biomass systems 6.5.1 Employing thermochemical conversion of biomass for building energy supply 6.5.2 Employing biological conversion of biomass for building energy supply 6.6 Summary References Further reading 7 Heat pumps for building energy flexibility 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Overview of heat pump technologies 7.2.1 Types of heat pumps 7.2.2 Heat pump market 7.2.3 Technology performance—flexibility parameters of heat pumps 7.2.4 Level of development 7.3 Flexibility to integrate heat pumps with different energy sources 7.3.1 Operational modes of heat pump systems 7.3.2 Integration with a heat source—sink side of the heat pump 7.3.3 Integration with a heat source—heat source side of the heat pump 7.3.4 Integration with thermal storage—sink side of the heat pump 7.3.5 Integration with thermal storage—heat source side of the heat pump 7.3.6 Multiintegrated systems 7.4 Heat pumps for improved operating flexibility 7.4.1 Role of heat pumps in the operating flexibility of future energy systems 7.4.2 Large heat pumps in centralized energy production 7.4.3 Urban heat pumps integrated with the district heating network 7.4.4 Residential heat pumps—supply and demand side management for energy flexibility 7.4.5 Heat pumps in the low-temperature networks 7.5 Summary References 8 District heating and cooling for building energy flexibility 8.1 Introduction 8.2 District heating and cooling 8.3 District heating and cooling and energy flexibility 8.3.1 Global sources of district heating and cooling in energy flexibility 8.3.2 Primary networks of DHC and energy flexibility 8.3.2.1 CHP and energy flexibility in district heating and cooling systems 8.3.2.1.1 Case studies related to the CHP and energy flexibility in DHC 8.3.2.1.2 Increasing the efficiency of thermal power plants with energy flexibility in district heating and cooling 8.3.2.2 Industrial heat waste in district heating and cooling and energy flexibility 8.3.3 Control systems in district heating and cooling 8.3.3.1 A case study of a building connected to flexible district heating and cooling 8.4 Summary References 9 Smart grids and building energy flexibility Nomenclature Acronyms Indices Parameters Variables 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Smart grids: concept and components 9.2.1 Energy generation 9.2.1.1 Renewable energy resources 9.2.1.2 Nonrenewable energy resources 9.2.2 Energy storage 9.2.2.1 Battery storage systems 9.2.2.2 The P2G systems 9.2.2.3 Compressed air energy storage systems 9.2.3 Energy consumption 9.2.3.1 Demand response programs 9.2.3.2 Energy efficiency programs 9.3 Smart grids: challenges and opportunities 9.3.1 Challenges 9.3.1.1 Complexity 9.3.1.2 Cyber attacks 9.3.2 Opportunities 9.3.2.1 Economic benefits 9.3.2.2 Environmental benefits 9.3.2.3 Social/community benefits 9.3.2.4 Flexibility improvement 9.3.2.5 Resiliency improvement 9.4 Flexibility in smart grids: definition and modeling 9.4.1 Definition 9.4.2 Mathematical modeling 9.5 Case study and discussion 9.5.1 System data and parameter settings 9.5.2 Simulation results and discussion 9.6 Summary References 10 Building energy flexibility analysis: case studies and demonstration 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Case studies to enhance building energy flexibility 10.2.1 Case studies using Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning systems and thermal energy storage as main flexible me... 10.2.2 Case studies using electrical appliances as the main flexible measure 10.2.3 Case studies using other flexible sources and measures 10.3 Energy flexibility analysis of a case study building 10.3.1 Description of the case study building 10.3.2 Energy flexibility analysis 10.3.2.1 Flexibility indicators and quantification method 10.3.2.2 Time of use electricity prices 10.4 Flexibility demonstration and discussion 10.4.1 Energy flexibility improvement using photovoltaics and electric battery 10.4.2 Improving building energy flexibility using other flexible systems 10.5 Summary References 11 Energy flexibility in grid-interactive and net/nearly zero energy buildings 11.1 Background 11.1.1 Demand for flexible resources of power grids 11.1.2 Development of net/nearly zero energy buildings 11.2 Research and application of building load regulation for increased energy flexibility 11.2.1 Texas building air conditioning load management project 11.2.2 Japan building automatic demand response project 11.2.3 Shanghai commercial building load regulation demonstration project 11.2.4 Tianjin commercial building load regulation demonstration project 11.2.5 Demonstration project of building energy-saving renovation in Hubei, China 11.2.6 A building energy-saving renovation project of China Southern Power Grid 11.3 Current challenges and opportunities 11.3.1 Problems and challenges 11.3.2 New trends and opportunities 11.4 Technology demonstration of a grid-interactive and nearly zero energy building 11.4.1 Building energy performance 11.4.2 Overview of green building features 11.4.2.1Building envelope and natural ventilation 11.4.2.2Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system 11.4.2.3Direct current power electrical system 11.4.3 Load flexibility and grid-interaction 11.4.4 Benefits and lessons learned 11.5 Summary Acknowledgments References Index Back Cover