Biology

Description

Cover ......Page 1 Copyright ......Page 3 About the Authors ......Page 4 Preface ......Page 5 Acknowledgments......Page 15 Contents......Page 16 Chapter 1: A View of Life ......Page 20 1.1 The Characteristics of Life......Page 21 1.2 Evolution and the Classification of Life......Page 25 1.3 The Process of Science......Page 28 1.4 Challenges Facing Science......Page 32 Unit 1: The Cell ......Page 37 Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry ......Page 38 2.1 Chemical Elements......Page 39 2.2 Molecules and Compounds......Page 43 2.3 Chemistry of Water......Page 45 2.4 Acids and Bases......Page 49 Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Organic Molecules ......Page 54 3.1 Organic Molecules......Page 55 3.2 Carbohydrates......Page 58 3.3 Lipids......Page 61 3.4 Proteins......Page 65 3.5 Nucleic Acids......Page 69 Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function ......Page 76 4.1 Cellular Level of Organization......Page 77 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells......Page 81 4.3 Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells......Page 83 4.4 The Nucleus and Ribosomes......Page 86 4.5 The Endomembrane System......Page 88 4.6 Microbodies and Vacuoles......Page 91 4.7 The Energy-Related Organelles......Page 92 4.8 The Cytoskeleton......Page 94 Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function ......Page 101 5.1 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function......Page 102 5.2 Passive Transport Across a Membrane......Page 107 5.3 Active Transport Across a Membrane......Page 110 5.4 Modification of Cell Surfaces......Page 114 Chapter 6: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes ......Page 119 6.1 Cells and the Flow of Energy......Page 120 6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations......Page 122 6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes......Page 124 6.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Metabolism......Page 128 Chapter 7: Photosynthesis ......Page 133 7.1 Photosynthetic Organisms......Page 134 7.2 The Process of Photosynthesis......Page 136 7.3 Plants Convert Solar Energy......Page 138 7.4 Plants Fix Carbon Dioxide......Page 142 7.5 Other Types of Photosynthesis......Page 144 Chapter 8: Cellular Respiration ......Page 148 8.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration......Page 149 8.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis......Page 151 8.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation......Page 153 8.4 Inside the Mitochondria......Page 155 8.5 Metabolism......Page 160 Unit 2: Genetic Basis of Life ......Page 165 Chapter 9: The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction ......Page 166 9.1 The Cell Cycle......Page 167 9.2 The Eukaryotic Chromosome......Page 170 9.3 Mitosis and Cytokinesis......Page 171 9.4 The Cell Cycle and Cancer......Page 177 9.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division......Page 180 Chapter 10: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction ......Page 185 10.1 Overview of Meiosis......Page 186 10.2 Genetic Variation......Page 188 10.3 The Phases of Meiosis......Page 191 10.4 Meiosis Compared to Mitosis......Page 193 10.5 The Cycle of Life......Page 195 10.6 Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure......Page 196 Chapter 11: Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance ......Page 205 11.1 Gregor Mendel......Page 206 11.2 Mendel's Laws......Page 207 11.3 Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance and Human Disease......Page 213 11.4 Beyond Mendelian Inheritance......Page 217 Chapter 12: Molecular Biology of the Gene ......Page 226 12.1 The Genetic Material......Page 227 12.2 Replication of DNA......Page 232 12.3 The Genetic Code of Life......Page 234 12.4 First Step: Transcription......Page 236 12.5 Second Step: Translation......Page 239 Chapter 13: Regulation of Gene Expression ......Page 247 13.1 Prokaryotic Regulation......Page 248 13.2 Eukaryotic Regulation......Page 251 13.3 Gene Mutations......Page 257 Chapter 14: Biotechnology and Genomics ......Page 263 14.1 DNA Cloning......Page 264 14.2 Biotechnology Products......Page 266 14.3 Gene Therapy......Page 269 14.4 Genomics......Page 270 Unit 3: Evolution ......Page 279 Chapter 15: Darwin and Evolution ......Page 280 15.1 History of Evolutionary Thought......Page 281 15.2 Darwin's Theory of Evolution......Page 284 15.3 Evidence for Evolution......Page 289 Chapter 16: How Populations Evolve ......Page 298 16.1 Genes, Populations, and Evolution......Page 299 16.2 Natural Selection......Page 305 16.3 Maintenance of Diversity......Page 309 Chapter 17: Speciation and Macroevolution ......Page 315 17.1 How New Species Evolve......Page 316 17.2 Modes of Speciation......Page 322 17.3 Principles of Macroevolution......Page 327 Chapter 18: Origin and History of Life ......Page 336 18.1 Origin of Life......Page 337 18.2 History of Life......Page 342 18.3 Geological Factors That Influence Evolution......Page 351 Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny ......Page 356 19.1 Systematic Biology......Page 357 19.2 The Three-Domain System......Page 360 19.3 Phylogeny......Page 363 Unit 4: Microbiology and Evolution ......Page 371 Chapter 20: Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea ......Page 372 20.1 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions......Page 373 20.2 The Prokaryotes......Page 379 20.3 The Bacteria......Page 382 20.4 The Archaea......Page 387 Chapter 21: Protist Evolution and Diversity ......Page 392 21.1 General Biology of Protists......Page 393 21.2 Supergroup Archaeplastida......Page 396 21.3 Supergroup Chromalveolata......Page 399 21.4 Supergroup Excavata......Page 404 21.5 Supergroups Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta, and Rhizaria......Page 408 Chapter 22: Fungi Evolution and Diversity ......Page 414 22.1 Evolution and Characteristics of Fungi......Page 415 22.2 Diversity of Fungi......Page 417 22.3 Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi......Page 424 Unit 5: Plant Evolution and Biology ......Page 429 Chapter 23: Plant Evolution and Diversity ......Page 430 23.1 Ancestry and Features of Land Plants......Page 431 23.2 Evolution of Bryophytes: Colonization of Land......Page 434 23.3 Evolution of Lycophytes: Vascular Tissue......Page 436 23.4 Evolution of Pteridophytes: Megaphylls......Page 438 23.5 Evolution of Seed Plants: Full Adaptation to Land......Page 442 Chapter 24: Flowering Plants: Structure and Organization ......Page 454 24.1 Cells and Tissues of Flowering Plants......Page 455 24.2 Organs of Flowering Plants......Page 459 24.3 Organization and Diversity of Roots......Page 461 24.4 Organization and Diversity of Stems......Page 464 24.5 Organization and Diversity of Leaves......Page 469 Chapter 25: Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Transport ......Page 475 25.1 Plant Nutrition and Soil......Page 476 25.2 Water and Mineral Uptake......Page 480 25.3 Transport Mechanisms in Plants......Page 484 Chapter 26: Flowering Plants: Control of Growth Responses ......Page 495 26.1 Plant Hormones......Page 496 26.2 Plant Growth and Movement Responses......Page 504 26.3 Plant Responses to Phytochrome......Page 508 Chapter 27: Flowering Plants: Reproduction ......Page 514 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies......Page 515 27.2 Seed Development......Page 521 27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal......Page 523 27.4 Asexual Reproductive Strategies......Page 526 Unit 6: Animal Evolution and Diversity ......Page 531 Chapter 28: Invertebrate Evolution ......Page 532 28.1 Evolution of Animals......Page 533 28.2 The Simplest Invertebrates......Page 540 28.3 Diversity Among the Lophotrochozoans......Page 543 28.4 Diversity of the Ecdysozoans......Page 551 28.5 Invertebrate Deuterostomes......Page 558 Chapter 29: Vertebrate Evolution ......Page 563 29.1 The Chordates......Page 564 29.2 The Vertebrates......Page 566 29.3 The Fishes......Page 567 29.4 The Amphibians......Page 570 29.5 The Reptiles......Page 572 29.6 The Mammals......Page 578 Chapter 30: Human Evolution ......Page 583 30.1 Evolution of Primates......Page 584 30.2 Evolution of Humanlike Hominins......Page 588 30.3 Evolution of Early Genus Homo......Page 591 30.4 Evolution of Later Genus Homo......Page 592 Unit 7: Comparative Animal Biology ......Page 599 Chapter 31: Animal Organization and Homeostasis ......Page 600 31.1 Types of Tissues......Page 601 31.2 Organs, Organ Systems, and Body Cavities......Page 608 31.3 The Integumentary System......Page 610 31.4 Homeostasis......Page 613 Chapter 32: Circulation and Cardiovascular Systems ......Page 619 32.1 Transport in Invertebrates......Page 620 32.2 Transport in Vertebrates......Page 622 32.3 The Human Cardiovascular System......Page 624 32.4 Blood......Page 632 Chapter 33: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems ......Page 640 33.1 Evolution of Immune Systems......Page 641 33.2 The Lymphatic System......Page 642 33.3 Innate Immune Defenses......Page 644 33.4 Adaptive Immune Defenses......Page 647 33.5 Immune System Disorders and Adverse Reactions......Page 655 Chapter 34: Digestive Systems and Nutrition ......Page 660 34.1 Digestive Tracts......Page 661 34.2 The Human Digestive System......Page 664 34.3 Digestive Enzymes......Page 670 34.4 Nutrition and Human Health......Page 671 Chapter 35: Respiratory Systems ......Page 678 35.1 Gas- Exchange Surfaces......Page 679 35.2 Breathing and Transport of Gases......Page 684 35.3 Respiration and Human Health......Page 688 Chapter 36: Body Fluid Regulation and Excretory Systems ......Page 696 36.1 Animal Excretory Systems......Page 697 36.2 The Human Urinary System......Page 700 Chapter 37: Neurons and Nervous Systems ......Page 710 37.1 Evolution of the Nervous System......Page 711 37.2 Nervous Tissue......Page 714 37.3 The Central Nervous System......Page 718 37.4 The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 726 Chapter 38: Sense Organs ......Page 733 38.1 Sensory Receptors......Page 734 38.2 Chemical Senses......Page 735 38.3 Sense of Vision......Page 737 38.4 Senses of Hearing and Balance......Page 743 38.5 Somatic Senses......Page 748 Chapter 39: Locomotion and Support Systems ......Page 752 39.1 Diversity of Skeletons......Page 753 39.2 The Human Skeletal System......Page 755 39.3 The Muscular System......Page 761 Chapter 40: Hormones and Endocrine Systems ......Page 769 40.1 Animal Hormones......Page 770 40.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland......Page 774 40.3 Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones......Page 777 Chapter 41: Reproductive Systems ......Page 789 41.1 How Animals Reproduce......Page 790 41.2 Human Male Reproductive System......Page 792 41.3 Human Female Reproductive System......Page 796 41.4 Control of Human Reproduction......Page 800 41.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 804 Chapter 42: Animal Development ......Page 812 42.1 Early Developmental Stages......Page 813 42.2 Developmental Processes......Page 817 42.3 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development......Page 821 42.4 The Aging Process......Page 828 Unit 8: Behavior and Ecology ......Page 835 Chapter 43: Behavioral Ecology ......Page 836 43.1 Inheritance Influences Behavior......Page 837 43.2 The Environment Influences Behavior......Page 839 43.3 Animal Communication......Page 843 43.4 Behaviors That Increase Fitness......Page 847 Chapter 44: Population Ecology ......Page 855 44.1 Scope of Ecology......Page 856 44.2 Demographics of Populations......Page 857 44.3 Population Growth Models......Page 860 44.4 Regulation of Population Size......Page 863 44.5 Life History Patterns......Page 865 44.6 Human Population Growth......Page 868 Chapter 45: Community and Ecosystem Ecology ......Page 874 45.1 Ecology of Communities......Page 875 45.2 Community Development......Page 885 45.3 Dynamics of an Ecosystem......Page 887 Chapter 46: Major Ecosystems of the Biosphere ......Page 900 46.1 Climate and the Biosphere......Page 901 46.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 904 46.3 Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 914 Chapter 47: Conservation of Biodiversity ......Page 924 47.1 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity......Page 925 47.2 Value of Biodiversity......Page 927 47.3 Causes of Extinction......Page 930 47.4 Conservation Techniques......Page 935 Appendix A: Answer Key ......Page 942 Appendix B: Tree of Life ......Page 957 A......Page 959 B......Page 960 C......Page 961 D......Page 964 E......Page 965 G......Page 967 H......Page 968 I......Page 969 L......Page 970 M......Page 971 O......Page 973 P......Page 974 R......Page 977 S......Page 978 T......Page 980 W......Page 981 Z......Page 982 Photographs......Page 983 Line Art and Text......Page 986 A......Page 987 B......Page 989 C......Page 992 D......Page 995 E......Page 997 F ......Page 999 G......Page 1001 H......Page 1002 I......Page 1004 K......Page 1005 L......Page 1006 M......Page 1007 O......Page 1010 P......Page 1011 R......Page 1015 S......Page 1016 T......Page 1020 V ......Page 1022 Z......Page 1023