Fundamental Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise

Description

Fundamental Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise is an engaging and comprehensive introductory textbook that explains biomechanical concepts from first principles, showing clearly how the science relates to real sport and exercise situations. The book is divided into two parts. The first provides a clear and detailed introduction to the structure and function of the human musculoskeletal system and its structural adaptations, essential for a thorough understanding of human movement. The second part focuses on the biomechanics of movement, describing the forces that act on the human body and the effects of those forces on the movement of the body. Every chapter includes numerous applied examples from sport and exercise, helping the student to understand how mechanical concepts describe both simple and complex movements, from running and jumping to pole-vaulting or kicking a football. In addition, innovative worksheets for field and laboratory work are included that contain clear objectives, a description of method, data recording sheets, plus a set of exemplary data and worked analysis. Alongside these useful features are definitions of key terms plus review questions to aid student learning, with detailed solutions provided for all numerical questions. No other textbook offers such a clear, easy-to-understand introduction to the fundamentals of biomechanics. This is an essential textbook for any biomechanics course taken as part of degree programme in sport and exercise science, kinesiology, physical therapy, sports coaching or athletic training.     Contents         List of practical worksheets Preface Acknowledgements About the author PART I Functional anatomy of the musculoskeletal system 1The musculoskeletal system Objectives Unicellular and multicellular organisms Cellular organisation in multicellular organisms Tissues Organs and systems The musculoskeletal system Musculotendinous units Force, mechanics and biomechanics Load, strain and stress Musculoskeletal system function The human machine Loading on the musculoskeletal system Review questions 2The skeleton Objectives Composition and function of the skeleton Terminology Common bone features Anatomical frame of reference and spatial terminology The axial skeleton The skull The vertebral column The rib cage The appendicular skeleton The upper limb The lower limb Review questions 3Connective tissues Objectives Functions of connective tissues Mechanical support Intercellular exchange Classification of connective tissues Ordinary connective tissues Elastin and collagen fibres Ground substance Ordinary connective tissue cells Irregular ordinary connective tissues Regular ordinary connective tissue Fibrous tissue, elastic tissue and fascia Cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Bone Bone growth and development Structure of mature bone Review questions 4The articular system Objectives Structural classification of joints Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Joint movements Degrees of freedom Angular movements Synovial joint classification Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Flexibility, stability and laxity in synovial joints Flexibility Stability and laxity Functions of joint capsule and ligaments Flexibility training Review questions 5The neuromuscular system Objectives The nervous system Neurons Nerve impulse transmission Nerve tissue organisation in the brain Nerve tissue organisation in the spinal cord and spinal nerves Voluntary and reflex movements Nerve fibre injuries Skeletal muscle Origins and insertions Pennate and non-pennate muscles Fusiform musculotendinous units Muscle fibres Muscular contraction Isometric length-tension relationship in a sarcomere Isometric length-tension relationship in a musculotendinous unit Motor units Slow and fast twitch muscle fibres Muscle architecture and muscle function Roles of muscles Muscle fibre arrangement and force and excursion Biarticular muscles Kinaesthetic sense and proprioception Proprioceptors Force-velocity relationship in musculotendinous units Action and contraction in musculotendinous units Stretch-shorten cycle Review questions 6Mechanical characteristics of musculoskeletal components Objectives Stress-strain relationships in solids Units of force Stiffness and compliance Toughness, fragility and brittleness Energy Work, strain energy and kinetic energy Gravitational potential energy Hysteresis, resilience and damping Resilience of the lower limbs in running Viscosity and viscoelasticity Mechanical model of viscoelasticity Properties of viscoelastic materials Shock absorption in joints Review questions 7Structural adaptation Objectives Adaptation Biopositive and bionegative effects of loading Response and adaptation of musculoskeletal components to loading Optimum strain environment Structural adaptation in bone Stereotypical loading and optimum bone mass Bone modelling throughout life Flexure-drift phenomenon Chondral modelling phenomenon Structural adaptation in regular fibrous tissues Structural adaptation at ligament and tendon insertions Structural adaptation in muscle Strength changes Muscle extensibility changes Review questions PART II Biomechanics of movement 8Introduction to biomechanics of movement Objectives Force Mechanics Subdisciplines of mechanics Biomechanics Forms of motion Units of measurement Unit symbols in the SI system Conversion of units Review questions 9Linear motion Objectives Space and the Newtonian frame of reference Anatomical frame of reference Distance and speed Average speed in a marathon race Effect of running wide in middle-distance track events Linear kinematic analysis of a 100 m sprint Video recordings for movement analysis Distance-time and speed-time data from video analysis Acceleration Vector and scalar quantities Displacement vectors Velocity vectors Centre of gravity Stability Friction Force vectors and resultant force Trigonometry of a right-angled triangle Pythagoras’ theorem Resolution of a vector into component vectors Cycle length, cycle rate and speed of movement in human locomotion Stride parameters and stride cycle in walking and running Effect of speed of walking and running on stride length and stride rate Optimal stride length Trajectory of the centre of gravity in walking Ground reaction force in walking Components of the ground reaction force Centre of pressure Path of centre of pressure in walking Ground reaction force in running Active and passive loading Effect of shoes on rate of loading Effect of leg and foot alignment on rate of loading Linear momentum Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation Newton’s first law of motion Newton’s law of gravitation: gravity and weight Newton’s second law of motion: the impulse of a force Units of force Free body diagram Resultant force and equilibrium Newton’s third law of motion Conservation of linear momentum Uniformly accelerated motion Air resistance Projectiles Trajectory of a projectile in the absence of air resistance Trajectory of a shot Effect of air resistance on the range of a shot put Trajectory of a long jumper Effect of air resistance on flight distance in the long jump Review questions Linear kinematics Linear impulse and linear momentum Vectors Ground reaction force Uniformly accelerated motion 10Angular motion Objectives Moment of a force Clockwise and anticlockwise moments The location of the joint centre of gravity of two masses Two conditions for a state of equilibrium Location of the centre of gravity of the human body Direct approach Indirect approach Determination of the whole body centre of gravity by the application of the principle of moments Levers Lever systems Lever systems in the human musculoskeletal system The use of body segments as levers in strength and endurance training Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration Relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity Relationship between linear acceleration and angular acceleration Centripetal and centrifugal force Centripetal force in throwing the hammer Centripetal force in cycling around a curved track Centripetal force in running around a curved track Concentric force, eccentric force and couple Rotation and Newton’s first law of motion Moment of inertia Measurement of moment of inertia Determination of the moment of inertia of a gymnast about the axis of a horizontal bar Angular momentum Rotation and Newton’s second law of motion Transfer of angular momentum Demonstration of transfer of angular momentum using a rotating turntable Transfer of angular momentum in a forward pike dive Transfer of angular momentum in the long jump Transfer of angular momentum in a standing back somersault Rotation and Newton’s third law of motion Somersaulting and twisting Contact twist Counter-rotation twist Tilt twist Review questions Moment of a force and levers Segmental analysis Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration Angular impulse and angular momentum 11Work, energy and power Objectives Work of a force Power Average power Instantaneous power Conservation of energy Thermodynamics Heat energy Work done in pushing a load up a slope Work of the moment of a force Conservation of mechanical energy Conservation of mechanical energy in a gymnast rotating about a horizontal bar Conservation of mechanical energy in pole vaulting Internal and external work Measurement of internal work Internal work and average power output in walking Mechanical efficiency of the human body in walking Review questions 12Fluid mechanics Objectives Atmospheric pressure Archimedes’ principle Floating in air Hydrostatic pressure Floating in water Drag Viscous drag Pressure drag Wave drag Bernoulli’s principle Hydrodynamic lift Lift due to asymmetric shape Lift due to asymmetric orientation Lift due to asymmetric surface texture Lift due to spin Effect of drag and lift force on ball flight Review questions Appendix Origins, insertions and actions of the major muscles of the human body Practical worksheet 1 Linear kinematic analysis of a 15m sprint Practical worksheet 2 The effect of increase in speed on stride length, stride rate and relative stride length in running Practical worksheet 3 Force-time analysis of the ground reaction force in walking Practical worksheet 4 Force-time analysis of the ground reaction force in running Practical worksheet 5 Determination of the position of the whole body centre of gravity by the direct method using a one-dimension reaction board Practical worksheet 6 Comparison of the direct and segmental analysis methods of determining the position of the whole body centre of gravity of the human body Practical worksheet 7 Determination of take-off distance, flight distance and landing distance in a standing long jump Practical worksheet 8 Measurement of the moment of inertia of the human body Practical worksheet 9 Determination of human power output in stair climbing and running up a slope Practical worksheet 10 Determination of human power output in a countermovement vertical jump Answers to review questions Index