Ross Lee Nisbett Richard E Gladwell Malcolm The person and the situation perspectives of social psychology Pinter and Martin Ltd (2011)

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Ross Lee Nisbett Richard E Gladwell Malcolm The person and the situation perspectives of social psychology Pinter and Martin Ltd (2011) Title......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Foreword by Malcolm Gladwell......Page 11 Preface......Page 14 Preface to the First Edition......Page 16 Acknowledgements......Page 20 1 Introduction......Page 21 The Weakness of Individual Differences......Page 22 The Power of Situations......Page 24 The Subtlety of Situations......Page 25 The Predictability of Human Behavior......Page 27 The Conflict Between the Lessons of Social Psychology and the Experience of Everyday Life......Page 28 The Tripod on Which Social Psychology Rests......Page 29 The Principle of Situationism......Page 30 The Principle of Construal......Page 32 The Concept of Tension Systems......Page 35 Predictability and Indeterminacy......Page 39 Prediction by Social Scientists......Page 40 Prediction by Laypeople......Page 41 The Problem of Effect Size......Page 43 Statistical Criteria of Size......Page 44 Pragmatic Criteria of Size......Page 45 Expectation Criteria of Size......Page 46 Overview and Plan of the Book......Page 48 2 The Power of the Situation......Page 51 Uniformity Pressures in the Laboratory: Sherif’s” Autokinetic” Studies and the Asch Paradigm......Page 52 The Bennington Studies......Page 60 Sherif’s Studies of Intergroup Competition and Conflict......Page 63 Inhibition of Bystander Intervention......Page 66 Why Is Social Influence So Powerful?......Page 70 On Selling War Bonds......Page 73 Time to Be a Good Samaritan......Page 75 Effects of Minimal Compliance......Page 77 Putting It All Together: Stanley Milgram and the Banality of Evil......Page 79 3 Construing the Social World......Page 87 Subjectivist Considerations in Objective Behaviorism......Page 88 Relativity in Judgment and Motivation Phenomena......Page 90 Some Nonobvious Motivational Consequences of Reward......Page 94 The Construal Question in Social Psychology......Page 96 Solomon Asch and the “Object of Judgment”......Page 98 Partisanship and Perception......Page 101 The Tools of Construal......Page 105 The Attribution Process......Page 107 Normative and Descriptive Principles of Causal Attribution......Page 108 Attributions Regarding the Self......Page 110 Failure to Allow for the Uncertainties of Construal......Page 113 The False Consensus Effect......Page 114 Overconfident Social and Personal Predictions......Page 117 Situational Construal and the Fundamental Attribution Error......Page 119 4 The Search for Personal Consistency......Page 122 An Overview of Conventional Theories of Personality......Page 123 The Scientific Findings and the Debate......Page 126 The Challenge of 1968......Page 127 Empirical Studies of Cross-Situational Consistency......Page 129 Implications of the Empirical Challenge......Page 133 Professional Responses to the Challenge of 1968......Page 135 Bem’s Revival of the Nomothetic-Idiographic Distinction......Page 136 Methodological Objections and Alternative Empirical Approaches......Page 139 Epstein’s Claims for the Power of Aggregation......Page 141 Making Sense of “Consistency” Correlations......Page 143 Predictions Based on Single Observations......Page 146 Predictions Based on Multiple Observations......Page 149 The Relative Likelihood of Extreme Behaviors......Page 151 Qualitative Aspects of Lay Personality Theory......Page 155 Quantitative Aspects of Lay Personality Theory......Page 158 Inferring Dispositions from Situationally Produced Behavior......Page 162 Slighting the Situation and Context in Favor of Dispositions......Page 166 Overconfidence in Predictions Based on Dispositions......Page 171 Dispositionism and the Interview Illusion......Page 174 When Are Dispositional Data Useful?......Page 176 The Sources of Lay Dispositionism......Page 177 Perception and the Dispositionist Bias......Page 178 Differing Causal Attributions for Actors and Observers......Page 179 Construal and the Dispositionist Bias......Page 180 Statistics and the Dispositionist Bias......Page 181 How Could We Be So Wrong?......Page 182 6 The Coherence of Everyday Social Experience......Page 184 Scientific Disentangling versus Real-World Confounding......Page 186 Scientific Disentangling of Person and Situation......Page 187 Real-World Confounding of Person and Situation......Page 188 Audience-Induced Consistency and Predictability......Page 190 Choosing and Altering Situations......Page 194 Responsiveness to Others’ Needs for Predictability......Page 196 Continuity of Behavior over the Lifespan......Page 198 The Utility of Lay Personology Reconsidered......Page 201 The Search for More Powerful Conceptions of Personality......Page 204 7 The social Psychology of Culture......Page 211 Effects of Ecology, Economy, and Technology......Page 213 The Situation of the “Middleman” Minority......Page 217 Culture, Ideology, and Construal......Page 219 The Protestant Vision and the Growth of Capitalism......Page 220 Associationism and Economic Development......Page 223 Collectivism versus Individualism......Page 224 Social Context and Attribution in East and West......Page 228 Social Class and Locus of Control......Page 231 Regional Differences in the United States as Cultural Differences......Page 232 Enforcement of Cultural Norms......Page 238 Cultural Change in America......Page 239 Blacks and Whites in the American South......Page 242 Traditional Japanese Culture and Capitalism......Page 245 Traits, Ethnicities, and the Coordinates of Individual Differences......Page 247 Can Ethnicities Substitute for Traits?......Page 248 Why Is Ethnicity an Increasingly Important Factor in Modern Life?......Page 249 8 Applying Social Psychology......Page 251 Methodological Lessons for Research Practitioners and Consumers......Page 252 The Value of “True Experiments”......Page 253 The Hawthorne Saga......Page 257 Situationism, Liberalism, and the Politics of Intervention......Page 261 A Case History: The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study......Page 262 Lewinian Discussion Groups and Democratic Procedures......Page 268 “Modeling” Effects on Prosocial Behavior......Page 272 Interventions that Encourage Minority-Student Success......Page 273 Distal versus Proximal Interventions......Page 275 Social Labels and Self-Fulfilling Expectations......Page 277 Labeling versus Exhortation to Achieve Behavior Change......Page 278 Motivational Consequences of Superfluous Inducements......Page 280 Attributions for Classroom Success and Failure......Page 283 Placebo Effects and Reverse Placebo Effects......Page 286 The Beneficial Effect of Forewarning and Coping Information......Page 289 The Health Consequences of Perceived Efficacy and Control......Page 292 Everyday Application of Social Psychology......Page 295 Afterword......Page 299 References......Page 308 Index of Authors and Names......Page 335 Subject Index......Page 351