Heat Transfer: Evolution, Design and Performance

Description

HEAT TRANSFER Provides authoritative coverage of the fundamentals of heat transfer, written by one of the most cited authors in all of Engineering Heat Transfer presents the fundamentals of the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of heat between physical systems. A pioneer in establishing heat transfer as a pillar of the modern thermal sciences, Professor Adrian Bejan presents the fundamental concepts and problem-solving methods of the discipline, predicts the evolution of heat transfer configurations, the principles of thermodynamics, and more. Building upon his classic 1993 book Heat Transfer, the author maintains his straightforward scientific approach to teaching essential developments such as Fourier conduction, fins, boundary layer theory, duct flow, scale analysis, and the structure of turbulence. In this new volume, Bejan explores topics and research developments that have emerged during the past decade, including the designing of convective flow and heat and mass transfer, the crucial relationship between configuration and performance, and new populations of configurations such as tapered ducts, plates with multi-scale features, and dendritic fins. Heat Transfer: Evolution, Design and Performance: Covers thermodynamics principles and establishes performance and evolution as fundamental concepts in thermal sciences Demonstrates how principles of physics predict a future with economies of scale, multi-scale design, vascularization, and hierarchical distribution of many small features Explores new work on conduction architecture, convection with nanofluids, boiling and condensation on designed surfaces, and resonance of natural circulation in enclosures Includes numerous examples, problems with solutions, and access to a companion website Heat Transfer: Evolution, Design and Performance is essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical and chemical engineering, and for all engineers, physicists, biologists, and earth scientists. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Preface About the Author Acknowledgments List of Symbols About the Companion Website Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Fundamental Concepts 1.1.1 Heat Transfer 1.1.2 Temperature 1.1.3 Specific Heats 1.2 The Objective of Heat Transfer 1.3 Conduction 1.3.1 The Fourier Law 1.3.2 Thermal Conductivity 1.3.3 Cartesian Coordinates 1.3.4 Cylindrical Coordinates 1.3.5 Spherical Coordinates 1.3.6 Initial and Boundary Conditions 1.4 Convection 1.5 Radiation 1.6 Evolutionary Design 1.6.1 Irreversible Heating 1.6.2 Reversible Heating References Problems Chapter 2 Unidirectional Steady Conduction 2.1 Thin Walls 2.1.1 Thermal Resistance 2.1.2 Composite Walls 2.1.3 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 2.2 Cylindrical Shells 2.3 Spherical Shells 2.4 Critical Insulation Radius 2.5 Variable Thermal Conductivity 2.6 Internal Heat Generation 2.7 Evolutionary Design: Extended Surfaces (Fins) 2.7.1 The Enhancement of Heat Transfer 2.7.2 Constant Cross‐Sectional Area 2.7.2.1 The Longitudinal Conduction Model 2.7.2.2 Long Fin 2.7.2.3 Fin with Insulated Tip 2.7.2.4 Heat Transfer Through the Tip 2.7.2.5 Fin Efficiency 2.7.2.6 Fin Effectiveness 2.7.3 Variable Cross‐Sectional Area 2.7.4 Scale Analysis: When the Unidirectional Conduction Model Is Valid 2.7.5 Fin Shape Subject to Volume Constraint 2.7.6 Heat Tube Shape 2.7.7 Rewards from Freedom References Problems Chapter 3 Multidirectional Steady Conduction 3.1 Analytical Solutions 3.1.1 Two‐Dimensional Conduction in Cartesian Coordinates 3.1.1.1 Homogeneous Boundary Conditions 3.1.1.2 Separation of Variables 3.1.1.3 Orthogonality 3.1.1 Solution 3.1.2 Heat Flux Boundary Conditions 3.1.3 Superposition of Solutions 3.1.4 Cylindrical Coordinates 3.1.5 Three‐Dimensional Conduction 3.2 Integral Method 3.3 Scale Analysis 3.4 Evolutionary Design 3.4.1 Shape Factors 3.4.2 Trees: Volume–Point Flow 3.4.3 Rewards from Freedom References Problems Chapter 4 Time‐Dependent Conduction 4.1 Immersion Cooling or Heating 4.2 Lumped Capacitance Model (The “Late” Regime) 4.3 Semi‐infinite Solid Model (The “Early” Regime) 4.3.1 Constant Surface Temperature 4.3.2 Constant Heat Flux Surface 4.3.3 Surface in Contact with Fluid Flow 4.4 Unidirectional Conduction 4.4.1 Plate 4.4.2 Cylinder 4.4.3 Sphere 4.4.4 Plate, Cylinder, and Sphere with Fixed Surface Temperature 4.5 Multidirectional Conduction 4.6 Concentrated Sources and Sinks 4.6.1 Instantaneous (One‐Shot) Sources and Sinks 4.6.2 Persistent (Continuous) Sources and Sinks 4.6.3 Moving Heat Sources 4.7 Melting and Solidification 4.8 Evolutionary Design 4.8.1 Spacings Between Buried Heat Sources 4.8.2 The S‐Curve Growth of Spreading and Collecting References Problems Chapter 5 External Forced Convection 5.1 Classification of Convection Configurations 5.2 Basic Principles of Convection 5.2.1 Mass Conservation Equation 5.2.2 Momentum Equations 5.2.3 Energy Equation 5.3 Laminar Boundary Layer 5.3.1 Velocity Boundary Layer 5.3.2 Thermal Boundary Layer 5.3.2.1 Thick Thermal Boundary Layer 5.3.2.2 Thermal Boundary Layer 5.3.3 Nonisothermal Wall 5.3.4 Film Temperature 5.4 Turbulent Boundary Layer 5.4.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 5.4.2 Time‐Averaged Equations 5.4.3 Eddy Diffusivities 5.4.4 Wall Friction 5.4.5 Heat Transfer 5.5 Other External Flows 5.5.1 Single Cylinder 5.5.1 Solution 5.5.2 Sphere 5.5.3 Other Body Shapes 5.5.4 Arrays of Cylinders 5.5.5 Turbulent Jets 5.6 Evolutionary Design 5.6.1 Size of Object with Heat Transfer 5.6.2 Evolution of Size 5.6.3 Visualization: Heatlines References Problems Chapter 6 Internal Forced Convection 6.1 Laminar Flow Through a Duct 6.1.1 Entrance Region 6.1.2 Fully Developed Flow Region 6.1.3 Friction Factor and Pressure Drop 6.2 Heat Transfer in Laminar Flow 6.2.1 Thermal Entrance Region 6.2.2 Thermally Fully Developed Region 6.2.3 Uniform Wall Heat Flux 6.2.4 Isothermal Wall 6.3 Turbulent Flow 6.3.1 Transition, Entrance Region, and Fully Developed Flow 6.3.2 Friction Factor and Pressure Drop 6.3.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient 6.4 Total Heat Transfer Rate 6.4.1 Isothermal Wall 6.4.2 Uniform Wall Heating 6.5 Evolutionary Design 6.5.1 Size of Duct with Fluid Flow 6.5.2 Tree‐Shaped Ducts 6.5.3 Spacings 6.5.4 Packaging for Maximum Heat Transfer Density References Problems Chapter 7 Natural Convection 7.1 What Drives Natural Convection? 7.2 Boundary Layer Flow on Vertical Wall 7.2.1 Boundary Layer Equations 7.2.2 Scale Analysis of the Laminar Regime 7.2.3 Isothermal Wall 7.2.4 Transition and the Effect of Turbulence 7.2.5 Uniform Heat Flux 7.3 Other External Flows 7.3.1 Thermally Stratified Reservoir 7.3.2 Inclined Walls 7.3.3 Horizontal Walls 7.3.4 Horizontal Cylinder 7.3.5 Sphere 7.3.6 Vertical Cylinder 7.3.7 Other Immersed Bodies 7.4 Internal Flows 7.4.1 Vertical Channels 7.4.2 Enclosures Heated from the Side 7.4.3 Enclosures Heated from Below 7.4.4 Inclined Enclosures 7.4.5 Annular Space Between Horizontal Cylinders 7.4.6 Annular Space Between Concentric Spheres 7.5 Evolutionary Design 7.5.1 Spacings 7.5.2 Miniaturization References Problems Chapter 8 Convection with Change of Phase 8.1 Condensation 8.1.1 Laminar Film on Vertical Surface 8.1.2 Turbulent Film on Vertical Surface 8.1.3 Film Condensation in Other Configurations 8.1.4 Dropwise and Direct‐Contact Condensation 8.2 Boiling 8.2.1 Pool Boiling 8.2.2 Nucleate Boiling and Peak Heat Flux 8.2.3 Film Boiling and Minimum Heat Flux 8.2.4 Flow Boiling 8.3 Evolutionary Design 8.3.1 Latent Heat Storage 8.3.2 Shaping Inserts for Faster Melting 8.3.3 Rhythmic Surface Renewal References Problems Chapter 9 Heat Exchangers 9.1 Classification of Heat Exchangers 9.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 9.3 Log‐Mean Temperature Difference Method 9.3.1 Parallel Flow 9.3.2 Counterflow 9.3.3 Other Flow Arrangements 9.4 Effectiveness–NTU Method 9.4.1 Effectiveness and Limitations Posed by the Second Law 9.4.2 Parallel Flow 9.4.3 Counterflow 9.4.4 Other Flow Arrangements 9.5 Pressure Drop 9.5.1 Pumping Power 9.5.2 Abrupt Contraction and Enlargement 9.5.3 Acceleration and Deceleration 9.5.4 Tube Bundles in Cross‐Flow 9.5.5 Compact Heat Exchanger Surfaces 9.6 Evolutionary Design 9.6.1 Entrance‐Length Heat Exchangers 9.6.2 Dendritic Heat Exchangers 9.6.3 Heat Exchanger Size 9.6.4 Heat Tubes with Convection References Problems Chapter 10 Radiation 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Blackbody Radiation 10.2.1 Definitions 10.2.2 Temperature and Energy 10.2.3 Intensity 10.2.4 Emissive Power 10.3 Heat Transfer Between Black Surfaces 10.3.1 Geometric View Factor 10.3.2 Relations Between View Factors 10.3.2.1 Reciprocity 10.3.2.2 Additivity 10.3.2.3 Enclosure 10.3.3 Two‐Surface Enclosures 10.4 Diffuse‐Gray Surfaces 10.4.1 Emissivity 10.4.2 Absorptivity and Reflectivity 10.4.3 Kirchhoff's Law 10.4.4 Two‐Surface Enclosures 10.4.5 Enclosures with More than Two Surfaces 10.5 Participating Media 10.5.1 Volumetric Absorption 10.5.2 Gas Emissivities and Absorptivities 10.5.3 Gas Surrounded by Black Surface 10.5.4 Gray Medium Surrounded by Diffuse‐Gray Surfaces 10.6 Evolutionary Design 10.6.1 Terrestrial Solar Power 10.6.2 Extraterrestrial Solar Power 10.6.3 Climate References Problems Appendix A Constants and Conversion Factors Appendix B Properties of Solids Appendix C Properties of Liquids Appendix D Properties of Gases Appendix E Mathematical Formulas Appendix F Turbulence Transition Appendix G Extremum Subject to Constraint Author Index Subject Index EULA