Thermodynamics: Basic Principles and Engineering Applications (Mechanical Engineering Series)

Description

This textbook is for a one semester introductory course in thermodynamics, primarily for use in a mechanical or aerospace engineering program, although it could also be used in an engineering science curriculum. The book contains a section on the geometry of curves and surfaces, in order to review those parts of calculus that are needed in thermodynamics for interpolation and in discussing thermodynamic equations of state of simple substances. It presents the First Law of Thermodynamics as an equation for the time rate of change of system energy, the same way that Newton’s Law of Motion, an equation for the time rate of change of system momentum, is presented in Dynamics. Moreover, this emphasis illustrates the importance of the equation to the study of heat transfer and fluid mechanics. New thermodynamic properties, such as internal energy and entropy, are introduced with a motivating discussion rather than by abstract postulation, and connection is made with kinetic theory. Thermodynamic properties of the vaporizable liquids needed for the solution of practical thermodynamic problems (e.g. water and various refrigerants) are presented in a unique tabular format that is both simple to understand and easy to use. All theoretical discussions throughout the book are accompanied by worked examples illustrating their use in practical devices. These examples of the solution of various kinds of thermodynamic problems are all structured in exactly the same way in order to make, as a result of the repetitions, the solution of new problems easier for students to follow, and ultimately, to produce themselves. Many additional problems are provided, half of them with answers, for students to do on their own. Preface Contents 1 Measurement and Properties of Matter 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Dimensions and Units 1.2.1 Fundamental and Derived Dimensions 1.2.2 Absolute and Relative Quantities 1.3 Properties of Matter 1.3.1 Volume 1.3.2 Weight and Mass 1.3.3 Density and Specific Volume 1.3.4 Velocity and Acceleration 1.3.5 Force 1.3.6 Impulse and Momentum 1.3.7 Work and Energy 1.3.8 Pressure 1.3.9 Heating, Hotness, and Temperature 1.3.10 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.3.11 Compressibility 1.4 Exercises 2 Equilibrium 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Thermostatics of Pure Fluids 2.3 The State Surface 2.3.1 The Geometry of Curves 2.3.2 The Geometry of Surfaces 2.3.3 Thermostatic and Thermodynamic Problems 2.4 The Mechanical Equation of State 2.4.1 Liquids 2.4.2 Gases 2.4.3 Multicomponent Systems 2.5 Exercises 3 Work and Heat 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mechanics 3.2.1 Conservative Forces 3.2.2 Reversible and Irreversible Work 3.2.3 Continuous Systems 3.2.4 External Determination of Work Done 3.2.5 Internal Determination of Work Done 3.3 Thermal Science 3.3.1 Heat Transfer 3.3.2 Heat Absorption 3.3.3 Measurement of Specific Heats 3.3.4 External Determination of Heat Transfer 3.3.5 Internal Determination of Heat Transfer 3.4 Exercises 4 The First Law 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Internal Energy and the Energy Equation 4.2.1 The Equivalence of Work and Heat 4.2.2 Steady State Problems 4.2.3 Change of State Problems 4.3 The Energetic and Enthalpic Equations of State 4.3.1 Liquids and Solids 4.3.2 Gases 4.3.3 Liquid–Vapor Equilibrium 4.4 The Open System 4.4.1 Steady Flow Problems 4.4.2 Steady Flow Devices 4.4.3 Variable Mass Systems 4.5 Exercises 5 The Second Law 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Entropy 5.3 The Entropic Equation of State 5.3.1 Liquids and Solids 5.3.2 Gases 5.3.3 Liquid–Vapor Equilibrium 5.4 The Irreversibility Principle 5.4.1 Entropy Transfer 5.4.2 Calculation of Entropy Generation 5.4.3 Open Systems 5.5 Heating and Power Bounds 5.5.1 Constraints on Heat Transfer 5.5.2 Constraints on Work 5.5.3 The Carnot Cycle 5.5.4 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 5.5.5 Thermodynamic Efficiency 5.6 Exercises 6 Power and Refrigeration 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Vapor Power Cycles 6.2.1 The Newcomen Engine 6.2.2 Watt's Improvements 6.2.3 The Rankine Cycle 6.3 Air Standard Power Cycles 6.3.1 The Otto Cycle 6.3.2 The Diesel Cycle 6.3.3 The Brayton Cycle 6.4 Refrigeration 6.5 Vapor Refrigeration Cycle 6.5.1 The Ideal Vapor Compression Cycle 6.5.2 Subcooling and Superheating 6.5.3 Compressor Loss 6.6 Exercises Appendix A Thermodynamic Properties: English Units A.1 Linear Elastic Liquids A.2 Air as an Ideal Gas A.3 Perfect Gases A.4 Water A.5 Linear Elastic Solids A.6 R-12 Appendix B Thermodynamic Properties: SI Units B.1 Linear Elastic Liquids B.2 Air as an Ideal Gas B.3 Perfect Gases B.4 Water B.5 Linear Elastic Solids B.6 R-12 Index