Border Urbanism: Transdisciplinary Perspectives

Description

Border Urbanism presents a global array of authors’ research that tackles the perception, interpretation, and nature of borders from a transdisciplinary perspective. The authors examine ways in which borders attempt to define socially, economically, politically, and historically incompatible systems, from micro neighbourhoods to global macro territories, and how this blurs urban order that results in an absence of cohesion. Their analysis of contextual worldwide settings considers the unique issues and the broad scope of forces that shape borders and separate socioeconomic, political, cultural, and historical polarities. The authors consider ways in which the resulting urban border conditions determine the mobility of goods, resources, and people and how these delineations define relationships that influence geopolitical relationships, socioeconomic transactions, and people’s lives at multiple levels. They address the temporal issues defined by a variety of unique urban conditions that result from these lateral thresholds. Each chapter contributes to a critical discourse of the subject of border urbanism and the phenomenon created by separation, demarcation, and segregation as well as by conflict and coexistence. The transdisciplinary approach of Border Urbanism ensures that it will be of interest to individuals across a spectrum of professions and disciplines. Professionals such as urban planners, designers, architects, developers, and civil and environmental engineers and students of these disciplines will be particularly interested as will allied professionals and those not traditionally associated with urbanism; these include artists, sociologists, historians, lawyers, politicians, and civic and government leaders. The authors’ global perspectives, combined with their expertise in environmental, historical, cultural, social, political, and geographic areas, will appeal to anyone interested in border urbanism and its intersection with these areas. Praise for Border Urbanism Contents Editors and Contributors List of Figures List of Tables Part I Background to the Book 1 Border Urbanism—A Critical Discourse 1.1 Background to the Emergence of Border Urbanism Research Centre (BURC) 1.2 Border-Built Environment Nexus 1.3 Political Boundaries and Spatial Separation 1.4 Polarised Border Cities 1.5 Praxis of Border Urbanism 1.6 Geopolitics and Social Polarities 1.7 Border Typologies Investigated 1.8 Summary Statement of the Explorative Research References Part II Border-Built Environment Nexus 2 Territory and Water Landscapes: The Conurbations of Sabadell and Terrassa 2.1 Introduction: The Flood of 1962 and Spatial Segregation 2.2 A Territory Built by Rivers and Streams 2.2.1 Morphology of the Territory 2.2.2 Mobility Within the Territory 2.3 Three Points of View: Ecology, Landscape and Town Planning 2.3.1 Ecology 2.3.2 Landscape 2.4 Urbanism 2.5 Conclusion References 3 Boundary Typologies and Their Effect on Paired Border Cities 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Distribution of the International Boundaries Around the World 3.3 Categories of International Boundaries in Terms of Relations of Neighbouring Countries 3.4 Categories of International Boundaries in Terms of Components 3.5 The Results of the Mapping of International Boundaries 3.6 Distribution of the Paired Border Cities Around the World 3.7 Partitioned Paired Border Cities 3.8 Duplicated Paired Border Cities 3.9 Cross-Border Activity-Dependent Paired Border Cities 3.10 Comprehensive Typology of the Paired Border Cities 3.11 Instead of the Conclusion References 4 The Boundaries of Heritage: The Paradoxes of Ouro Preto 4.1 The Intense Urbanization 4.2 The Ouro Preto Paradox—The City of the Heritage and the Simulacrum 4.3 Heritage and Hybridism 4.4 Final Considerations References 5 Regional Architecture in the Persian Gulf: Conflicting Architectural Narratives of Global–Local Border Convergence 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Modernism in the Gulf, 1950–1973 5.3 Ornament, Style and Identity, 1976–1998 5.4 Conclusion References 6 Experiencing Authenticity Through Cultural Borders and Experimental Ethnography 6.1 Introduction to the Research 6.2 Authenticity and Cultural Borders 6.3 Methods of Investigation: Ethnography and Experimental Ethnography 6.4 Process of the Research 6.4.1 Rationale for Site 6.4.2 An Ethnographic Account of the Field—Shahi Guzargah (Delhi Gate to Rang Mahal High School) 6.4.3 Experimental Ethnography: Manipulation of Field 6.4.4 Perception as a Catalyst Towards Understanding Cultural Borders 6.5 Immersive Art Installation—Gape Within (I, II, VI) 6.5.1 Gape Within (I, II, VI) 6.5.2 Experience in Virtual Reality—Gape Within III 6.5.3 Immersion Through Print Media and Soundscape—Gape Within IV, V 6.6 Cultural Borders and Experimental Ethnography as Agents for Authenticity References 7 Urban Liminality: Negotiating Borders and the Pilgrimage to the Monastery of St. George Koudounas 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Unmixing Population/Minority Landscapes 7.3 Performing Liminality References Part III Political Boundaries and Spatial Segregation 8 Borders for Peace: Controls Within a Kenyan Informal Settlement During Political Conflict 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methodology 8.3 Results 8.4 Place Attachment 8.5 Messages for Peace 8.6 Learning from the Past 8.7 Peace in the Everyday 8.8 Breaking Down Barriers Within Kibera 8.9 Concluding Thoughts References 9 Malaysia-Singapore Geopolitics Spatialised: The Causeway as a Palimpsest 9.1 Introduction: The Causeway as a Palimpsest 9.2 Contextualising the Johor–Singapore Relationship Through the Causeway 9.3 Geopolitical Events and the Transformation of the Causeway: The Becoming of Border Checkpoints 9.4 Expansions and Progressions 9.5 The Halved “Crooked Bridge” 9.6 Conclusion References 10 Borders of Precincts: Unpacking the Politics of White Neighbourhood Identities in the Post-apartheid Black City 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Fear of Post-apartheid 10.3 The Fear of Crime 10.4 Fear of Trust: The Corridors of Freedom 10.5 The Melville Precinct Plan 10.6 Borders 10.7 Conclusion References 11 India’s Shift to Soft Power in Nepal: A Case Study of the Borderland City of Birgunj 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Indian Hard Power Diplomacy in Nepal: A Regional Bully? 11.3 Birgunj: The City that Brought a Nation to a Standstill 11.4 Indian Soft Power Diplomacy in Nepal: A New Beginning? 11.5 Internationalization of Nepal’s Conflict 11.6 India-China Rivalry 11.7 India’s Contemporary Political Situation 11.8 Perception of India’s Power and Influence in Madhesh 11.9 Conclusion References 12 Regional Features of Agglomeration and the Antidote to Almaty’s Landlocked Condition 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Materials and Methods of Research 12.3 Results and Discussion 12.4 Conclusions References 13 People, Places and Relationships 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Background 13.1.2 Definitions 13.1.3 Aims and Objectives 13.1.4 Scope and Limitation 13.2 Inferences from Literature Studies 13.3 Methodology 13.3.1 Overview 13.3.2 Process 13.3.3 Study Areas 13.4 Analysis and Strategies 13.5 Conclusion References Part IV Polarised Borders Cities 14 Border[s]lines Between Isolation and Connection: The Disused Railway in Aberdeen 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Definitions for the Abandoned Railway as Linear Space 14.3 Conclusions References 15 Fragile Cartographies of Border-Fictioning 15.1 Beyond Territories/Beyond Borders 15.2 On Territories, Borders and the Irish Context 15.3 The Context of the Irish Borderland 15.4 Territorial Fictioning and Becoming-Borders 15.5 Spatial Practices in the Eile Project 15.6 Fictioning Cartographies of Fragile Border Imaginaries 15.7 Bordering Ecologies: Matter/Bodies/Sounds References 16 Dissonant Living and Building in the No-Man’s Land on the Korean Peninsula References 17 Displaced: Vulnerability and Survival Within Segregated Undercaste Micro-Cultures 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Case: Syrian Refugees in Lebanon, Unity by Exclusion 17.3 Syrian Refugees: Breaking Points 17.4 Case: Puerto Rican IDPs in America, Citizens but not Americans 17.5 Puerto Rican IDPs: Breaking Points 17.6 Case: Minorities in the State of Georgia, Within and Without 17.7 Minorities in the U.S.: Breaking Points 17.8 Concluding Comments References 18 Trailblazer of European Ideal: Frankfurt (Oder)—Slubice: Travel Notes 18.1 Premise and Research Goals 18.1.1 Twin Cities 18.1.2 The Final Object 18.2 Case of Frankfurt and Słubice 18.2.1 Introduction 18.2.2 Historical Background and Political Implications 18.2.3 Economic Aspects 18.2.4 Population Composition 18.2.5 Urban Structure 18.2.6 Urban and Territorial Infrastructure 18.2.7 Cultural and Educational Aspects 18.3 Conclusion 18.3.1 Potential Urban Projects 18.3.2 Other Research Developments References 19 Spatial Transformations in Ceuta, Spain: Effects of a Low-Density Hinterland on a Border Enclave 19.1 Introduction: The Framework 19.2 Historical Background and Theoretical Approach to the Study of Ceuta's Borderland 19.3 Analysis of City Planning 19.4 Conclusions References Part V Praxis of Border Urbanism 20 Programmed Spaces: Redefining the Border Condition 20.1 Importance of Borders 20.2 Current Importance 20.3 Borders as Public Spaces 20.4 Demilitarized Zone 20.5 Addressing Conditions in the West Bank 20.6 Possible Change: Visions References 21 Interrogating ‘post-Conflict’ Regeneration: A New Border in Northern Ireland 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Representation 21.3 Threshold 21.4 Post-occupancy 21.5 Conclusion References 22 Cartographic Errors 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Location 22.3 Social Context 22.4 Intercultural Understanding 22.5 Teaching Pedagogy 22.6 Learning Barriers 22.7 Space as a Shared Language 22.8 Parents 22.9 Architecture as Mediator 22.10 Conclusion References 23 Towards an Appropriate Development Approach for the Halayeb–Shalateen Border Region of Egypt 23.1 Introduction 23.1.1 A Historical Border Dispute 23.2 Research Aim and Methodology 23.3 A Rushed Intervention 23.4 The Working Team 23.5 The Political Dispute and Economic Activities 23.6 Socio-cultural Issues 23.7 Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Services 23.8 Natural Resources 23.9 The Planning Process 23.10 Setting Guidelines 23.11 The Development Perspective 23.12 A Theme Park in the South 23.13 A Frog Leap in Development or an Unrealistic Demand? 23.14 An Overambitious Vision? 23.15 Similar Past Development Attempts Were not Successful 23.16 The New Administrative Capital and Other Cities Under Construction 23.17 Recommendations for Developing the Region References 24 Contested Border Urbanism: Learning from the Cyprus Dispute 24.1 Introduction 24.2 A Brief History of Cyprus and The Mixed Villages 24.3 Border 24.4 Collective Memory and Urban Architectural Identity 24.5 Being in Common 24.6 Conclusion References Part VI Geo-politics and Social Polarities 25 Walk the Line: Stone Walls, Lead Mines and Future Farming 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Rationale and Approach 25.3 The Walls 25.4 The Mines 25.5 Conclusion References 26 Borders of Convenience: European Legal Measures and the Migration Crisis 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Borders of Convenience and Inconvenience in Europe 26.3 The European Union: The Fall and Rise of Borders 26.4 ECtHR Judgments: Inconvenient Borders 26.5 Conclusion References 27 Indian Slums: The Boundary of Socially Constructed Temporal Borderlands. The Case of Anna Nagar, Wazirpur and Jijamata Nagar Micro-Cities 27.1 Introduction: Reflections on the Slum as a Temporal Borderland 27.2 Ordering Chaos 27.3 The Slum as an Opportunistic Organism 27.4 The Slum Has No Built Borders 27.5 Who Lives There? Sociological Transformation of the Slum 27.6 Case Studies: Anna Nagar in Hyderabad; Wazirpur in Delhi; and Jijamata Nagar in Mumbai 27.7 Anna Nagar Slum (Hyderabad) 27.7.1 The Site: Occupying Gaps of the Airport 27.7.2 Possible Origins 27.7.3 Modifications 27.7.4 The Hypothesis of Morphological Development of the Slum 27.7.5 Structure of the Slum Fabric 27.7.6 Housing and Materials 27.8 Wazirpur Slum (Delhi) 27.8.1 The Site: The Railroad Opportunity 27.8.2 Strategic Location: Living Next to the Train Tracks 27.8.3 The Hypothesis of Morphological Development of the Slum 27.8.4 Structure of the Slum Fabric 27.9 Jijamata Nagar’s Slum (Mumbai) 27.9.1 The Site: Taking Advantage of the Water 27.9.2 Origin of the Jijamata Nagar Slum and Hypothesis of its Morphological Development 27.9.3 Conflicts Over Land Speculation 27.9.4 Structure of the Urban Fabric 27.9.5 Housing and Materials 27.9.6 Graphical Comparison 27.10 Conclusions References 28 A Neighbourhood of Fragmentation 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Methodology 28.3 A Divided and Fragmented Community 28.4 Buildings as a Discourse of Segregation and Fragmentation 28.5 New and Old—New Residents 28.6 Out-of-Place and In-Place Architecture 28.7 Religious Fragmentation 28.8 Photos as a Separate Entity 28.9 New Residents 28.10 Established Residents 28.11 Conclusion References 29 Edge Town/Che Fang 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Urban–Rural Tension 29.3 Suzhou Changes 29.4 Conclusion References Part VII Border Typologies Investigated 30 Border Discourse: Pedagogical Perspective in Architecture and Urbanism 30.1 Border Typology as Discourse 30.2 European Transformative Border: The Hard-Soft Dilemma 30.3 Chinese Expanding Trade Borders: Immersion into the World Economy 30.4 The Global Transaction of Chinese Trades 30.5 The Rhetoric of Ethnicity and Borderlands of Chinatowns 30.6 Emergence of Chinatowns 30.7 Eluding Social Segregation in Society 30.8 Urban Conditions and Social Barriers 30.9 Borderless Society and the Liminal Border: Dissolution of the Border through Technology 30.10 Liminal Border Analysis References Index