Crusading and Archaeology: Some Archaeological Approaches to the Crusades

Description

Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, the social and cultural worlds of medieval Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean were transformed by the religious impetus of the crusades. Today we bear witness to these transformations in the material and environmental record revealed by new archaeological excavations and reappraisals of museum collections. This volume highlights new archaeological knowledge being developed by scholars working in the fields of history, archaeology, numismatics, and architecture to demonstrate its potential to change and augment our understanding of the crusades. The 16 chapters in this volume deploy a contemporary scientific approach to archaeology of the crusades to give an up-to-date account into the diverse range of research in this area. They explore five key themes: the implications of scientific methods, new excavations and surveys, architectural analyses, sigillography, and the application of social interpretations. Together these chapters provide a new way of approaching the study of the crusades, and demonstrate the value of taking a holistic view that utilises the full diverse range of evidence available to us. Cover Half Title Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Table of contents Figures List of Tables Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations Contributors Introduction: Current research and approaches Archaeologies of the crusades 1. The urban environment 2. Rural settlements and domestic life 3. Castles 4. Ecclesiastical sites 5. Warfare and battlefield archaeology 6. Art 7. Architecture 8. Material culture: Ceramics, glass, and coins 9. Health, death, and cemeteries 10. Inscriptions 11. Landscape This volume Concluding remarks Notes 1 The two sieges and the conquest of Montfort The siege of May 1266 (664 H.) The un-ratified treaty of 1268 (666 H) The occupation of the castle in 1271 Dismantling of the castle The psychological importance of the occupation of Montfort on the Franks Notes 2 Revisiting the strange genesis of a technique: Radiocarbon dating of Frankish mortar Appendix: Casal des Plains (Arabic Yazur, Hebrew Azor) Notes 3 Convergences of interdisciplinary paths: The Hospitaller convent of San Giovanni di Prè in Genoa through historical and archa The double church The hospital The later history of the complex Notes 4 La redécouverte de deux châteaux de l’Hôpital en Haute-Provence: Manosque et Puimoisson exhumés par les sources écrites Un château hérité et profondément réaménagé: Manosque Aspect général: Plan et organes de défense Organisation des espaces Un chantier permanent Châteaux hospitaliers et architecture castrale au xiiie siècle Un château construit ex nihilo: Puimoisson Un renouvellement de l’architecture fortifiée Notes 5 A century and a half of crusader rule in the town and lordship of Arsur Current state of research Sources and methods Topography and development of the town of Arsur according to historical sources Historical foundations of the dominion Natural landscapes Early Islamic period Town Hinterland Crusader period Town Hinterland Mamluk period Town Hinterland Conclusion Notes 6 Bread for all: Double-chambered baking ovens in castles of the military orders; Le Crac des Chevaliers (Syria), Le Chastellet Le Crac des Chevaliers (Qalʿat al- Ḥuṣn, Syria) Le Chastellet du Gué de Jacob (Vadum Jacob/Ateret/Bayt al-Aḥzan, Israel) Belvoir (Coquet/Kokhav ha-Yarden/Kawkab al-Hawā, Israel) Arsur (Apollonia-Arsuf, Israel) The use of the upper chambers The use of the lower chambers A short description of bread making Capacity of ovens and working surface Discussion: Double-chambered baking ovens Notes 7 Radiographie du Tombeau des Patriarches L’invention (1119) L’apport des récits de pèlerinages et autres témoignages postérieurs (1153–1660) Les données archéologiques (1923–1981) Prospection géophysique: Description des méthodes proposées Détection radar Mesure de la vitesse ultrasonore et de l’épaisseur dans un bloc de pierre par méthode échographique Notes 8 Gothic for all: From macro- to microarchitecture across religious boundaries in Lusignan and Venetian Cyprus Architecture and religious cohabitation in the urban centres of Europe and the Latin East: From synagogues and Protestant ... Gothic architecture for Greek cathedrals in Lusignan and Venetian Cyprus: a polyphony of approaches serving a common goal? Building up by scaling down: Gothic microarchitecture in Latin and Greek usage in Lusignan Cyprus The Gothic as inflected urban koine: Towards a contextual understanding of religious architecture in the Latin East Notes 9 Villehardouin’s castle of Grand Magne (Megali Maini): A re-assessment of the evidence for its location Introduction The Frankish conquest of the Peloponnese: Phase I The Byzantine Mani and the Melingoi The Frankish conquest of the Peloponnese: Phase II The evidence from the Chronicles of Morea for the location of Grand Magne Geography Other criteria Evidence from other historical sources for the location of Grand Magne Evidence from the castle lists for the location of Grand Magne Evidence from the Venetian chronicles and archives for the location of Grand Magne Evidence from travellers’ accounts for the location of Grand Magne Summary of evidence for the location of Grand Magne The main candidates for Grand Magne and their proponents Porto Kayio Kastro tis Orias Ano Poula Tigani Kelepha Assessment of candidates Other castles built by William II The case for Oitylo Oitylo as a fortification: The textual evidence Oitylo as a fortification: The archaeological evidence Oitylo as Grand Magne: The 1336 land grant Conclusions Notes 10 Civitas regis regvm omnivm: Inventing a royal seal in Jerusalem, 1100–1118 Notes 11 Change or continuity? Rural settlement in Eastern Galilee at the time of the crusades: The Hospitaller estate of Belvoir The Hospitaller estate of Belvoir in the twelfth century Present state of the documentation Boundaries of the Hospitaller estate (1170–1187) A boundary stone from Danna? A general continuity of settlement Territorial structures and organisation Conclusion Appendix 1: Hospitallers casalia in the castellany of Belvoir Notes 12 Archaeothanatology, burials, and cemeteries: Perspectives for crusader archaeology Introduction An “archaeoanthropological” analysis of the cemeteries in the Latin East A demonstration of archaeothanatological analysis: The grave S2SP8 in ‘Atlit cemetery An example of archaeoanthropological analysis: Area 2 of ‘Atlit cemetery Future perspectives for the research on the cemetery of ‘Atlit and funerary spaces of the Latin East Notes 13 Overlooked ordnance: Artillery projectiles of the crusader period Component remains Terminology and technology Projectiles in context Projectiles out of context Contemporary European projectiles Flat spots Impact signatures Conclusion Notes 14 The inscriptions of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: New corpus and perspectives Review and methodology for a new corpus A case study or how to make an inscription speak History of the transmission Graphic description and transcription Material and typology of inscription The formulas Conclusion: New perspectives Notes 15 Ascalon, a landscape of conflicts: Some landscape archaeology perspectives on conflicts from the days of the Latin ... Introduction Ascalon as a combat zone during the Kingdom of Jerusalem4 Main methodological issues Landscape archeology and battlefield archeology as tools for reconstructing historical events The battlefield The road system and the co-axial field systems The Battle of Ascalon (1099) Siege systems Notes 16 The castle chapel of Arsur: New evidence for its location and architecture Introduction Location and geological background Timeline of construction The castle’s outer walls The architectural plan of the western tower Building materials Sandstone Beach rock Limestone Marble Castle chapel plan Building elements Rib vault fragments Oculus Jamb capital Conclusion Notes Index