Biochemistry

Description

Biochemistry is a single-semester text designed for undergraduate non-biochemistry majors. Accessible, engaging, and informative, Biochemistry is the perfect introduction to the subject for students who may approach chemistry with apprehension. Biochemistry’s unique emphasis on metabolism and its kinetic underpinnings gives the text up-to-the-minute relevance for students investigating current public health concerns such as obesity and diabetes. Biochemistry will encourage students to explore the basics of chemistry and its influence on biological problems. Biochemistry provides students with a broad understanding of contemporary advances in molecular biology. Its innovative approach will challenge students to develop connections across multiple concepts, and sets Biochemistry apart in a crowded field. Biochemistry is an invaluable and user-friendly resource. This innovative text for non-biochemistry majors includes: • Introductory material at the beginning of each chapter that contextualizes chapter themes in real-life scenarios • Clear list of objectives for each chapter • Online supporting materials with further opportunities for research and investigation • Synthesis questions at the end of each chapter that encourage students to make connections between concepts and ideas, as well as develop critical-thinking skills Title page Copyright page Dedication Brief Contents Contents Preface Chapter 1: Foundations 1.1 Origins of Biochemistry 1.2 Some Chemical Ideas 1.3 Energy 1.4 Cell Theory 1.5 The Species Hierarchy and Evolution 1.6 Biological Systems Chapter 2: Water 2.1 Structure of Water 2.2 Properties of Water Follow from the Hydrogen Bonded Structure 2.3 The Hydrophobic Effect 2.4 Molecules Soluble in Water 2.5 High Heat Retention: The Unusual Specific Heat of Liquid Water 2.6 Ionization of Water 2.7 Some Definitions for the Study of Acids and Bases 2.8 The pH Scale 2.9 The Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation 2.10 Titration and Buffering Chapter 3: Lipids 3.1 Significance 3.2 Fatty Acids 3.3 Triacylglycerols 3.4 Phospholipids 3.5 Cholesterol 3.6 Lipid–Water Interactions of Amphipathic Molecules 3.7 Water Permeability of Membranes and Osmosis 3.8 Effect of Lipids on Membrane Composition Chapter 4: Carbohydrates 4.1 Monosaccharides 4.2 Ring Formation in Sugars 4.3 Disaccharides 4.4 Polysaccharides 4.5 Carbohydrate Derivatives Chapter 5: Amino Acids and Proteins 5.1 Identity and Roles of Amino Acids 5.2 Amino Acid Individuality: The R Groups 5.3 Acid–Base Properties and Charge 5.4 The Peptide Bond 5.5 Peptides and Proteins 5.6 Levels of Protein Structure 5.7 Protein Folding 5.8 Oxygen Binding in Myoglobin and Hemoglobin 5.9 Protein Purification and Analysis Summary Chapter 6: Enzymes 6.1 A Brief Look at Enzyme Energetics and Enzyme Chemistry 6.2 The Enzyme Assay and Initial Velocity 6.3 A Simple Kinetic Mechanism 6.4 How the Michaelis–Menten Equation Describes Enzyme Behavior 6.5 The Meaning of Km 6.6 Reversible Inhibition 6.7 Double-Reciprocal or Lineweaver–Burk Plot 6.8 Allosteric Enzymes 6.9 Irreversible Inhibition 6.10 Enzyme Mechanisms 6.11 Enzyme Categories 6.12 Enzyme-Like Qualities of Membrane Transport Proteins Chapter 7: Metabolism and Energy 7.1 Origins of Thermodynamics 7.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 7.3 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 7.4 Free Energy 7.5 Standard Free Energy 7.6 Nonstandard Free Energy Changes 7.7 Near-Equilibrium and Metabolically Irreversible Reactions 7.8 ATP 7.9 Energy Coupling with ATP 7.10 NADH 7.11 Mobile Cofactors and the Pathway View Chapter 8: Glycolysis 8.1 Glucose Transport 8.2 From Glucose to Pyruvate 8.3 Completing the Pathway 8.4 Energetics of Glycolysis 8.5 Metabolic Connections to Glycolysis Chapter 9: The Krebs Cycle 9.1 A Cyclic Pathway 9.2 Acetyl-CoA: Substrate of the Krebs Cycle 9.3 Overview of Carbon Flow 9.4 Steps of the Pathway 9.5 Energy Balance 9.6 Regulation 9.7 Krebs Cycle as a Second Crossroad of Metabolic Pathways Chapter 10: Oxidative Phosphorylation 10.1 The Phenomenon 10.2 Mitochondrial Inner Membrane 10.3 Carriers of Electrons, Protons, or Both 10.4 Membrane-Bound Complexes 10.5 Electron Pathways 10.6 Mechanisms for Electron and Proton Flows Through the Mitochondrial Membrane 10.7 Mitochondrial Membrane Transport 10.8 Coupling of Oxidation and Phosphorylation 10.9 Uncoupling 10.10 Superoxide Formation by Mitochondria 10.11 Control of Mitochondria 10.12 How Mitochondria Can Utilize Cytosolic NADH Chapter 11: Photosynthesis 11.1 Light and Dark Reactions 11.2 Chloroplasts 11.3 Harnessing Light Energy 11.4 Proton and Electron Flow for the Light Reactions 11.5 Cyclic Electron Transfer and Other Variations 11.6 The Calvin Cycle 11.7 Variations in CO2 Handling: C3, C4, and CAM Plants 11.8 Pathway Endpoints: Sucrose and Starch Chapter 12: Carbohydrate Pathways Related to Glycolysis 12.1 Glycogen Metabolism 12.2 Gluconeogenesis 12.3 The Pentose Phosphate Shunt 12.4 Galactose Utilization Chapter 13: Lipid Metabolism 13.1 Absorption of Dietary Lipids 13.2 Fatty Acid Oxidation 13.3 Ketone Body Metabolism 13.4 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 13.5 Triacylglycerol Formation 13.6 Phospholipid Metabolism 13.7 Cholesterol Metabolism 13.8 Other Lipids 13.9 Overview of Lipid Metabolism in the Fed and Fasted States 13.10 Integration of Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism Chapter 14: Nitrogen Metabolism 14.1 The Nitrogen Cycle 14.2 Reaction Types in NH3 Assimilation 14.3 Metabolically Irreversible Nitrogen Exchange Reactions 14.4 Near-Equilibrium Nitrogen Exchange Reactions 14.5 The Urea Cycle 14.6 Amino Acid Metabolism: Catabolism 14.7 Amino Acids: Anabolism 14.8 Nucleotide Metabolism 14.9 Other Nitrogen Pathways Chapter 15: Nucleic Acids 15.1 Strand Structures of the Nucleic Acids 15.2 Structure of the Double Helix 15.3 Supercoiling 15.4 Histones 15.5 Replication 15.6 DNA Repair 15.7 Transcription Chapter 16: Protein Synthesis and Degradation 16.1 Three Forms of RNA Are Employed in Protein Synthesis 16.2 The Genetic Code 16.3 Steps in Protein Synthesis 16.4 Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins 16.5 Protein Degradation 16.6 The mTOR Pathway in the Control of Protein Synthesis Appendix Glossary Index