Principles and practices of transportation planning and engineering

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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Foreword Preface Authors 1 The Law and the Process 1.1 The Law 1.1.1 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) 1.1.2 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) 1.1.3 Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) 1.1.4 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP21) 1.1.5 Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act 1.1.6 Law, Programs, and Projects 1.2 Other Programs 1.2.1 Continuing Resolution 1.2.2 The University Transportation Centers Program 1.2.3 Business Opportunities with the U.S. Government 1.2.4 Hierarchy of Laws and Regulations 1.2.5 Federal Highway Standards 1.3 Transportation Project Development Process 1.3.1 Basics of the Development Process 1.3.2 Government Agencies and Organizations Involved 1.4 Professional Disciplines 1.4.1 Civil Engineering Licensing 1.4.2 License Reciprocity or Comity 1.4.3 Planning Professionals 1.4.4 Environmental Science 1.5 Summary 1.6 Discussion 1.7 Exercises Bibliography 2 Transportation Planning 2.1 Basic Concepts 2.1.1 Roadway Classification 2.1.1.1 Ownership-Based Approach 2.1.1.2 Functionality-Based Approach 2.1.1.3 Administrative Approach 2.1.2 Geographical and Statistical Reporting Area Designation 2.1.2.1 Urban Area 2.1.2.2 Rural Areas 2.1.2.3 Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas 2.1.2.4 Metropolitan Planning Area 2.1.2.5 Transportation Management Area 2.1.3 National Air Quality Area Designation 2.1.3.1 Non-Attainment Area 2.1.3.2 Maintenance Area 2.2 Transportation Planning Organizations 2.2.1 Metropolitan Planning Organization 2.2.1.1 Legal Basis 2.2.1.2 MPO Board 2.2.1.3 Voting Right 2.2.1.4 Advisory Committees 2.2.1.5 Professional Staff 2.2.2 State Department of Transportation 2.2.3 The U.S. Department of Transportation 2.3 Transportation Planning Product 2.3.1 Metropolitan Planning Organization Deliverable 2.3.2 State DOT Deliverable 2.3.3 U.S. DOT Deliverable 2.3.4 TIP Illustration 2.4 Transportation Planning Procedure 2.4.1 Planning Principle 2.4.1.1 Public and Community Involvement 2.4.1.2 Relevant Governmental Agencies, Organizations, and Businesses Involvement 2.4.1.3 Professional Leadership 2.4.2 Planning Steps 2.4.2.1 Inventory of Existing Facilities and Services 2.4.2.2 Monitoring both Infrastructure Operating Condition and Performance 2.4.2.3 Involving Public 2.4.2.4 Gathering Land Use Data and Working with Local Zoning Officials 2.4.2.5 Gathering Social, Demographic, Economic, and Other Related Data 2.4.2.6 Analyzing Transportation Demand through Modeling 2.4.2.7 Regional Air Quality Issue Consideration 2.4.2.8 Cost and Revenue Estimation 2.4.2.9 Assigning Appropriate Fund to a Project 2.4.2.10 LRTP and TIP Adoption 2.4.3 Planning Regulation 2.5 Traffic Safety Data Analysis 2.5.1 Crash Data 2.5.2 Roadway Characteristic Data 2.5.3 Roadway Traffic Data 2.5.4 Safety Data Analysis 2.5.4.1 Total Crash Analysis 2.5.4.2 Normalized Crash Data Analysis 2.5.4.3 Geospatial Analysis and Visualization 2.5.4.4 Integrated Safety Data Analysis 2.5.5 Planning Crash Data Analysis Example 2.5.6 Highway Safety Improvement Program 2.5.7 Traffic Records Coordinating Committee 2.6 Travel Demand Analysis 2.6.1 Concepts and Definitions 2.6.1.1 Transportation Corridor 2.6.1.2 Roadway Network: Link and Node 2.6.1.3 Roadway Link and Node Capacity 2.6.1.4 Traffic Flow Measurement and Characterization 2.6.1.5 Travel Origin and Destination 2.6.1.6 Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) 2.6.1.7 Centroid and Centroid Connector 2.6.2 Classic Travel Demand Modeling 2.6.3 Trip Generation, Distribution, and Routing 2.6.4 Activity-Based Travel Demand Modeling 2.7 Transportation Conformity Analysis 2.7.1 State Implementation Plan 2.7.2 Emission Inventory 2.7.3 Transportation Emission Estimation 2.7.4 Conformity Determination 2.7.5 Consequences of Not Meeting Conformity Determination 2.8 Financial Planning 2.8.1 Project Cost Estimate 2.8.2 Revenue Estimates 2.8.3 Project Funding and Sequencing 2.9 Next Step 2.10 Summary 2.11 Discussion 2.12 Exercises Bibliography 3 Project Environmental Class of Action (COA) Determination 3.1 National Environmental Policy Act 3.2 Parties Involved in the NEPA Process 3.3 Class of Action Determination 3.4 Environmental Impact Statement 3.5 Categorical Exclusions 3.6 Environmental Assessment 3.7 Engineering Alternatives for Environmental Analysis 3.8 Next Step 3.9 Summary 3.10 Discussion 3.11 Exercises Bibliography 4 Preliminary Engineering 4.1 Fundamental Concepts 4.1.1 Basic Roadway Components and Terminologies 4.1.1.1 Traveled Way and Travel Lane 4.1.1.2 Median 4.1.1.3 Shoulder 4.1.1.4 Rumble Strip 4.1.1.5 Curb 4.1.1.6 Curb and Gutter 4.1.1.7 Roadway Ditch 4.1.1.8 Guardrail 4.1.1.9 Bicycle Lane 4.1.1.10 Sidewalk 4.1.1.11 Lane Delineation Mark and Marker 4.1.1.12 Overhead Roadway Signs 4.1.1.13 Roadside Signs 4.1.1.14 Variable Message Sign 4.1.1.15 Driveway 4.1.1.16 Median Opening 4.1.1.17 Utilities 4.1.1.18 Crosswalk 4.1.1.19 Noise Abatement Wall 4.1.1.20 Landscaping Greeneries 4.1.1.21 Stormwater Retention and Detention Ponds 4.1.2 Station – Distance Measuring 4.1.3 Tangents, Horizontal Curves, and Vertical Curves 4.1.3.1 Tangents 4.1.3.2 Horizontal Curves 4.1.3.3 Vertical Curves 4.1.4 Sight Distance 4.1.5 Slope/Grade Effects on Stopping Sight Distance 4.1.5.1 Scenario 1: Uphill Travel 4.1.5.2 Scenario 2: Downhill Travel 4.2 Appropriate Horizontal and Vertical Curve Design 4.2.1 Design Appropriate Horizontal Curve 4.2.2 Superelevation 4.2.3 Design Appropriate Vertical Curve 4.2.3.1 Crest Vertical Curve 4.2.3.2 Sag Vertical Curve 4.2.4 Practical Design Consideration 4.2.4.1 Superelevation 4.2.4.2 Curve Radius 4.2.4.3 Tire and Pavement Transverse Side Friction Coefficient 4.2.4.4 Superelevation Transition Rate 4.2.4.5 Vertical Curve 4.2.5 Measuring Sight Distance on a Vertical Curve 4.3 Roadway and Bridge Cross Section Design 4.3.1 Cross Section – Travel Lanes and Roadside Elements 4.3.2 Bridge Basics 4.3.3 Typical Sections 4.3.3.1 Urban Typical Section 4.3.3.2 Rural Typical Section 4.4 Design Control 4.4.1 Design Vehicle 4.4.2 Roadway Functional Class 4.4.3 Traffic 4.4.3.1 Understanding AADT and Its Relationship with Design Traffic 4.4.3.2 K[sub(30)] – Design Hour Factor 4.4.3.3 D[sub(30)] – D Factor 4.4.3.4 Number of Lanes Need Estimation 4.4.3.5 Percentages of Medium Truck and Combination Truck 4.4.3.6 Generalized Level of Service Lookup Table 4.4.4 Design Speed 4.4.5 Access Management 4.4.6 Pedestrian and Bicyclist 4.5 Preliminary Engineering Analysis and Design 4.5.1 Horizontal Alignment 4.5.2 Vertical Alignment 4.5.3 Typical Sections 4.5.4 Design Alternatives 4.5.5 Environmental Impact Evaluation 4.6 Engineering Product and Deliverable 4.7 Next Step 4.8 Summary 4.9 Discussions 4.10 Exercises Bibliography 5 Environmental Analysis 5.1 Human, Social, and Cultural Impact Evaluation 5.1.1 Land-Use Changes 5.1.2 Community Cohesion 5.1.3 Aesthetic 5.1.4 Relocation 5.1.5 Community Services 5.1.6 Historic and Archaeological Resources 5.1.7 Parks and Recreation Areas 5.2 Natural Environmental Impact Evaluation 5.2.1 Wetland 5.2.2 Wildlife and Habitat 5.2.2.1 Action Area 5.2.2.2 Incidental Take 5.2.3 Floodplains, Stormwater Runoff, and Water Quality 5.2.3.1 Stormwater Runoff Quantity (Flooding) Control 5.2.3.2 Stormwater Water Quality Control 5.2.4 Farmland 5.3 Physical Environmental Impact Evaluation 5.3.1 Highway Noise 5.3.1.1 Basic Noise Science 5.3.1.2 Noise Impact Analysis Practice 5.3.2 Air Quality 5.3.2.1 Basic Terminology and Concepts 5.3.2.2 Dispersion Mechanism 5.3.2.3 Gaussian Dispersion Modeling 5.3.2.4 Practices in Transportation Air Quality Project-Level Modeling 5.3.2.5 Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimation 5.3.3 Contamination Assessment 5.3.3.1 Contamination Assessment Objective 5.3.3.2 Contamination Assessment Processes 5.3.3.3 Basic Remediation 5.3.4 Utility Assessment 5.3.4.1 Utility Assessment Objective 5.3.4.2 Assessing Procedure 5.3.4.3 Utility Impact Assessment Process 5.4 Final Products and Deliverable 5.5 Next Step 5.6 Summary 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Exercises Bibliography 6 Final Engineering Design 6.1 Final Engineering Design Deliverables 6.1.1 Roadway Plan 6.1.2 Structure Plan 6.1.3 Sign and Pavement Marking Plan 6.1.4 Street Lighting Plan 6.1.5 Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Plan 6.1.6 Traffic Signalization and Control Plan 6.1.7 Landscaping Plan 6.1.8 Proposed Right of Way Plan 6.1.9 Environmental Permits and Other Permits 6.1.10 Standard Pay Item 6.1.11 Commitments 6.2 Design Standard and Specification 6.2.1 General Design Specification 6.2.2 Bridge Design Specification 6.2.3 Pavement Design Specification 6.2.3.1 Asphalt Concrete Pavement 6.2.3.2 Rigid Pavement 6.2.4 Pavement Marking 6.2.5 Roadway Signs 6.3 Design Exception 6.4 Constructability Review 6.5 Land Surveying 6.5.1 Control Surveys 6.5.2 Right of Way Surveying 6.5.3 Engineering Design Surveying 6.5.4 Construction Surveying 6.5.5 Staking a Horizontal Curve 6.5.6 Labeling Stakes 6.6 Next Step 6.6 Summary 6.8 Discussion 6.9 Exercises Bibliography 7 Right of Way 7.1 Right of Way Definition 7.2 Acquiring Right of Way 7.3 Acquisition Procedure 7.3.1 Involving Affected Property Owners 7.3.2 Official Notification 7.3.3 Official Appraisal 7.3.4 Written Offer 7.3.5 Purchasing 7.3.6 Mediation or Condemnation 7.4 Relocation 7.5 Final Deliverable 7.6 Next Step 7.7 Summary 7.8 Discussion 7.9 Exercises Bibliography 8 Construction 8.1 Construction Personnel 8.1.1 Land Surveyors 8.1.2 Equipment for Both On- and Off-Road Operations 8.1.2.1 Bulldozer 8.1.2.2 Excavator 8.1.2.3 Loader 8.1.2.4 Motor Grader 8.1.2.5 Compactor/Roller 8.1.2.6 Pavers 8.1.2.7 Portland Cement Concrete Transport Truck 8.1.3 Skilled Labor 8.1.4 Flagger 8.1.5 Construction Engineer 8.2 Construction Contract Administration 8.2.1 Pre-bid: Bid Package Preparation 8.2.2 Contractor Prequalification 8.2.3 Contractor Bonding Requirement 8.2.4 Contract Letting 8.2.5 Bid Advertisement 8.2.6 Bid Opening 8.2.7 Bid Award 8.3 Construction Engineering and Inspection 8.3.1 Post-Award Management 8.3.2 Change of Contracts 8.4 Resolving Construction Dispute 8.4.1 Negotiation 8.4.2 Mediation 8.4.3 Dispute Review Board 8.4.4 Minitrials 8.4.5 Arbitration 8.4.6 Private Judging 8.5 Highway Construction Safety 8.5.1 Construction Safety and Standard 8.5.2 Work Zone Safety 8.5.3 Worker High-Visibility Safety Apparel 8.6 Next Step 8.7 Summary 8.8 Discussion 8.9 Exercises Bibliography 9 Operations 9.1 Signal and Optimization 9.1.1 Traffic Signal Control System 9.1.2 Types of Traffic Signal Control 9.1.2.1 Pre-timed Isolated Controller 9.1.2.2 Pre-timed Coordinated Controller 9.1.2.3 Semi-Actuated Traffic Controller 9.1.2.4 Fully Actuated Traffic Controller 9.1.2.5 Interconnected Coordinated Traffic Controller 9.1.3 Traffic Control Phase Plan 9.1.3.1 Vehicle Movement 9.1.3.2 Signal Phasing 9.1.4 Labeling of Intersection Traffic Movement 9.1.5 Traffic Signal Timing Basics 9.1.5.1 Effective Green 9.1.5.2 Critical Lane Group 9.1.5.3 Dilemma Zone 9.1.5.4 Adequate Yellow Consideration 9.1.5.5 Minimum Green Consideration 9.1.5.6 Maximum Green Consideration 9.2 Roadway Signs 9.3 Access Management 9.3.1 Interstate Access (Interchange) 9.3.2 Access Spacing 9.3.3 Driveway Spacing 9.3.4 Median Treatments 9.3.5 Exclusive Left- and Right-Turning Lanes 9.4 Intelligent Transportation System 9.5 Traffic Incident Management 9.5.1 Incident Management Concepts 9.5.2 Road Assistance Patrol Services 9.5.3 Traffic Incident Management Performance Measurement 9.6 Transportation Demand Management 9.6.1 Operational-Based TDM Strategies 9.6.1.1 Tolling-Based TDM 9.6.1.2 High-Occupancy Vehicle Lane Strategy 9.6.1.3 High-Occupancy Toll Lane Approach 9.6.1.4 Variable Tolling Lanes (VTL) Practice 9.6.1.5 Cordoned Area Tolling 9.6.2 Toll Collection 9.6.2.1 Vehicle Identification 9.6.2.2 Vehicle Classification 9.6.2.3 Toll Processing 9.6.2.4 Toll Enforcement 9.7 Traffic Congestion Performance Measures 9.7.1 Average Speed 9.7.2 Roadway Level of Service (LOS) 9.7.3 Travel Time Index (TTI) 9.7.4 Average Commute Time 9.8 Spot Speed 9.8.1 Measuring Methods 9.8.1.1 Automatic Road Tube 9.8.1.2 Radar Meter Speed Measurement Method 9.8.1.3 Manual Stopwatch Method 9.8.2 Descriptive Statistics of Speed Data 9.8.2.1 Average Speed 9.8.2.2 Median Speed 9.8.2.3 Modal Speed 9.8.2.4 Standard Deviation 9.8.2.5 Percentile Speed 9.9 Next Step 9.10 Summary 9.11 Discussion 9.12 Exercises Bibliography 10 Maintenance 10.1 Roadside Vegetation Management 10.1.1 Roles of Roadside Vegetation 10.1.2 Mowing 10.1.2.1 Mowing Frequency 10.1.2.2 Type of Mowing 10.1.2.3 Mowing Safety 10.1.3 Herbicide Application 10.1.3.1 Nonselective Herbicides 10.1.3.2 Selective Herbicides 10.2 Winter Snow and Ice Control 10.2.1 Goal of Snow and Ice Control 10.2.2 Mechanism for Snow and Ice Control 10.2.2.1 Snow Removal 10.2.2.2 Preventing Ice Formation 10.2.2.3 Deicing or Preventing Ice Bonding to Roadway Surface 10.2.3 Road Weather 10.2.4 Road Salt 10.2.5 Other Effects from Road Salt 10.3 Pavement Maintenance 10.3.1 Pavement Management System 10.3.1.1 Pavement Reconstruction 10.3.1.2 Pavement Rehabilitation 10.3.1.3 Pavement Maintenance or Corrective Maintenance 10.3.2 Flexible Pavement Failures 10.3.2.1 Flexible Pavement Cracking 10.3.2.2 Pavement Deformation 10.3.2.3 Material Failure 10.3.2.4 Degradation 10.3.3 Flexible Pavement Pothole Repairs, Crack Sealing and Filling 10.3.4 Rigid Pavement Failure 10.3.4.1 Linear Cracking 10.3.4.2 Durability (D) Cracking 10.3.4.3 Shrinkage Crack 10.3.4.4 Warping Crack 10.3.4.5 Corner Breaks 10.3.4.6 Scaling 10.3.4.7 Pumping 10.3.4.8 Faulting 10.3.4.9 Spalling 10.3.4.10 Polished Aggregate 10.3.5 Rigid Pavement Repair 10.4 Transportation Asset Management 10.4.1 Basic Engineering Economic Principle 10.4.1.1 Interest Rate 10.4.1.2 Time Value of Money 10.4.2 Equivalence 10.5 Next Step 10.6 Summary 10.7 Discussions 10.8 Exercises Bibliography Index