The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744

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Contents Maps and Illustrations Preface Technical Note Abbreviations Part One. Transitory Condominium 1. Distinctions in Deed and Thought 2. An Empire of Convenience Conquest by decree The myth's revival Contradictory traditions 3. A Mixing of Peoples Habitations and highways Division by watersheds The Iroquois Five Nations Nation and tribe The Iroquois League Champlain's attacks Iroquois strategy 4. An Iron Dutch Chain Dutch trade Dutch war Dutch-Mohawk alliance 5. Logistics of Intersocietal Commerce The inclusive frontier Commodity exchange between societies The roles of merchants Traders' travels Intersocietal partnerships The southern frontier Northern trading systems The importance of firearms Accommodation with violence 6. The Iroquoian “Beaver Wars” Tribal competition French policies Disastrous effects of French missions Iroquois initiatives and French repulses The founding of Montreal Mohawk aims The Iroquois “melting pot” Jogues's mission and assassination Susquebannock intervention Assault on Huronia Downfall of Huron allies Resistance of eastern tribes Mohawk-Onondaga friction Renewed war in New Netherland A turning point 7. Odd Man Out Southward from Iroquoia Susquehannocks and Delawares Maryland's defeat by Susquehannocks and New Sweden Mohawk war and Maryland peace Dutch conquest of New Sweden Dutch policies and practices English harassment of New Netherland Susquehannock alliance with Maryland Iroquois defeats Duke of York’s conquest of New Netherland French destruction of Mohawk towns New York inherits New Netherlands roles Iroquois on the defensive Maryland's assaults on Delaware Maryland “invites” the Susquehannocks to the Potomac An illusion of peace Part Two. Warriors 8. A Silver English Chain Virginia and Maryland attack the Susquehannocks Andros's first Covenant Chain treaty for New England Andros's approaches to the Susquehannocks Maryland's threat to Delaware Bay Andros's response Maryland's “peace” strategy Disposition of the Susquehannocks Andros disciplines Maryland's envoy Role of the Delawares Iroquois legalism Disappearance of the Susquehannocks Baltimore's use of the treaty Resurgence of the Mohawks “Corlaer1 s” silver chain Susquehannock revenge Maryland's frustrations 9. Expansion and Reaction Frontenac and La Salle Senecas frustrated in the Illinois country Mohawks divided by mission Livingston and Dongan La Barre Lord Howard's treaty Onondaga independence La Barrels humiliation 10. “They flourish and we decrease.” Denonville Dongaris expansionism Denonville’s attack Dongan and Iroquois “subjects'’ Brethren or children? Effects of the Glorious Revolution Iroquois-French War Shawnees come east Shawnees and Iroquois Minisink independence Fletcher's friction with the Iroquois Delaware independence Iroquois losses Peace for the English, war for the Iroquois The Iroquois become a barrier Livingston's “deedr 11. Permutations Part Three. Diplomats 12. A Link Lost Penn's plans The Iroquois and the Susquehanna Trade on the Schuylkill Turncoat coureurs de bois Penn's treaty with the Susquehannock / Conestogas Tentative dealings with the Iroquois Penn's personality and status Penn's policies toward Indians James Logan 13. Mending Chain The warriors' path southward Trade and hospitality at the Susquehanna Logan as merchant Botched plan to invade Canada Tuscarora negotiations Decanisoras secret treaty Canadian invasion bungled again Hospitality for Tuscaroras and Mennonites Delawares and Iroquois Encroachment at Conestoga Alienation of Chartier's Shawnees Markets and immigrants 14. A Vise Made in Europe Keith versus Logan t William Penn's contested inheritance Virginia complains about the warriors' path Perils at Conestoga A frontier line proposed Iroquois soundings about trade Conflicts of interest Trade between Montreal and Albany English imperialists' new western strategy 15. Desperation in Iroquoia Iroquois status on the Susquehanna The murder of Sawantaeny Breach of the Susquehanna boundary Spotswood's ambiguous frontier line Iroquois responsibility for the other tribes The unsuppressible Montreal-Albany trade Competition in fort building Delawares and Sbawnees reject Iroquois proposals for war “ Women ” and the west General Indian unrest Logan's treaties Shawnee flight Iroquois losses 16. A New Fire Logan's straits Reduction of the Tulpehockens New proposals to the Iroquois The Penns' debts Penns sell Indian lands Nutimus resists The Iroquois become police The Six Nations' price 17. Chain into Fetters Delaware land tenure Cessions to Pennsylvania The lands of Nutimus The “ancient deed” Rehearsal for a Walk A real estate lottery More Shawnees flee, and the Mohawks grumble A confidence game and the Walk Anger, threats, and violence Conquest of the eastern Delawares 18. Summit and Slope Settlers: Scotch-Irish and Moravian The turbulent Ohio country Mohawk travail Virginians attack an Iroquois party Treaty at Lancaster Canasatego's traditionary history Rights of conquest, again Iroquois cessions Worm-eaten triumph Onondaga's about-face Privilege withdrawn 19. Conflict and Accommodation Indian collaboration with Europeans The League and the Chain New York's dual center Tribal insubordination Functions of Treaties Ambiguity of the Chain Our side and their side Appendices A. A council at Onondaga, as reported by Conrad Weiser in 1743 B. Documents of the Walking Purchase C. On the undoing of history Bibliography Index