Emerging Electronics and Automation: Select Proceedings of E2A 2021

Description

This book constitutes peer-reviewed proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Electronics and Automation (E2A) 2021. The book presents new ideas, research findings, and novel techniques in the fields of sensors and instrumentation, automation and control, artificial intelligence, MEMS sensors, soft computing, signal processing, and communication. It includes contributions received from both academia and industry. The proceedings will be helpful for beginners as well as advanced researchers in the area of automation and other allied fields. About the Conference Message from the Director Message from the Honorary Chair Message from the General Chair Message from Head of the Department Message from the Organizing Chairs Keynote Speeches Future Directions Committee Contents About the Editors Control and Robotics Track—1 Performance Assessment of Unstable Systems Subjected to Ramp Input Changes 1 Introduction 2 Problem Statement 3 IAE–TV-Based Assessment Index 3.1 Standard Assessment Benchmarks 3.2 Performance Assessment Index 4 Conditions for Better Performance 4.1 Single Feedback (SFB) Control Scheme 4.2 Simulations Results 5 Conclusions References Level Control of a Two-Tank System Using Quantitative Feedback Theory-Based Controller 1 Introduction 1.1 Why Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT)? 1.2 Literature Review 1.3 Research Contribution of the Paper 2 Modelling of Two-Tank System 2.1 Terminologies and Notations 2.2 Mathematical Modelling 2.3 Derivation of Interval Type of Parametric Uncertainty 3 Design of QFT-Based Controller 3.1 Choice of Control Structure 3.2 Performance Specifications 3.3 Choice of Nominal Plant and Construction of Plant Templates 3.4 Computation of Bounds 3.5 Loop Shaping 3.6 Design of Pre-filter 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Comparative Analysis with Existing Controllers 5 Conclusions References Design of Continuous Time Nonlinear Control with Quadruple Tank System Application 1 Introduction 2 Continuous Time NMPC Formulation 2.1 NMPC Formulation 2.2 Design of MPC Controller 2.3 Chen and Allgöwer's Approach 3 Alternate Approach for the Terminal Region Characterization 4 Terminal Region Characterization 5 Quadruple Tank Case Study 6 Conclusions References Continuous Time Nonlinear Controller Design with Increased Terminal Region 1 Introduction 2 Continuous Time NMPC Formulation 2.1 NMPC Formulation 2.2 Design of MPC Controller 2.3 Chen and Allgöwer's Approach 3 Alternate Approach for the Terminal Region Characterization 4 Terminal Region Characterization 5 Demonstration Case Study 6 Conclusions References Cascade Controller Design Based on Pole Placement and Model Matching Technique 1 Introduction 2 CLTF for Both the Loops 3 Secondary Controller Design Method 4 Design of Primary Controller 5 Guideline for Closed-Loop Time Constant 6 Simulation Results 6.1 Example-1 6.2 Example-2 7 Conclusion References Design and Performance Analysis of Different Event-Triggering Policies with Sliding Mode Control Strategy 1 Introduction 2 System Description and Problem Formulation 3 Design of Event-Triggering Policies 3.1 Static Event-Triggering Policy 3.2 Time-Varying Triggering Policy 3.3 Dynamic Event-Triggering Policy 3.4 Self-triggering Policy 4 Stability Analysis 5 Numerical Examples 6 Conclusions References Control and Robotics Track—2 Effect of Sampling and Simulation of Wireless Networked Control System Using TrueTime and MATLAB: A Comparative Study 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is WNCS? 1.2 Related Work 1.3 Objective and Motivation 1.4 Organization of the Paper 2 Modeling of Wireless NCS 3 TrueTime: Simulator for NCS 4 Effect of Sampling in Wireless NCS 4.1 Types of Sampling Used in NCS 4.2 Importance of Sampling Used in NCS 5 Simulation Using MATLAB and TrueTime 6 Conclusion References Comparative Analysis of Different Methods of Two Degree of Freedom Controller Designs on Varied Systems 1 Introduction 2 Two Degree of Freedom (2 DOF) Control 3 Different 2 DOF Controller Design Methods 3.1 Multiple Integration Magnitude Optimum Method [4] 3.2 Linear Algebraic Method (LAM) for 2 DOF Controller Design [5] 3.3 PI-PD Compensation for 2 DOF Controller Design [1] 4 Experimental Results 5 Conclusion References Robust Stabilization of an Inverted Pendulum Using ANFIS Controllers 1 Introduction 2 Dynamic Model of an IP System 3 ANFIS Controller Design 3.1 Dataset Generation 3.2 Defining Parameters of ANFIS 3.3 ANFIS Training 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Sensors Energy and Power Electronics Design of a PV-Battery-Supercapacitor Water Pumping System Based on the Varying Operating Factor of the PV Module 1 Introduction 2 Objective and Methodology of the Work 3 Radiation and the Ambient Temperature of the Site 4 Modeling of the PV-Battery-Supercapacitor Water Pumping System 4.1 Modeling of Parameters 4.2 Modeling of System Components 4.3 Loss of Load Probability (LLP) 5 Results and Analysis 5.1 Simulation of Parameters 5.2 Simulation of the Components of the System 5.3 Effect of OPV on PV Size and LLP of the System 5.4 System Design with Fixed Opv and Yearly Average Opv: A Comparison 6 Conclusion References Portable Stress Measurement and Analysis System (PSMAS): The Correlation of Body and Mind Analysis Using GSR Sensor 1 Introduction 1.1 Major Cause Effects of Stress 2 Related Works 3 System Design and Methodology 3.1 Working Principle 4 Development and Testing 4.1 Development 4.2 Testing 5 Conclusion References Performance Comparison of P&O and Fuzzy Logic-Based MPPT Control Technique for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System 1 Introduction 2 Design of PV Fed Boost Converter 3 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Technique 4 Simulink Model and Result Analysis 5 Performance Identification Between P&O and Fuzzy MPPT 6 Conclusion References Optimization of Hybrid Solar, Wind, and Diesel Energy System from Cost Analysis of Micro-Grid Using Homer Software 1 Introduction 2 District of Analysis and Load Description 2.1 Potential of the Sun 2.2 Wind Turbine 3 System Description 3.1 Wind Turbine 3.2 Photovoltaic 3.3 Diesel Generator (DG) 3.4 Battery 3.5 Converter 4 Economic Evaluation 4.1 Net Present Cost (NPC) 4.2 COE (Cost of Energy) 4.3 Renewable Fraction (RF) 5 Findings of the Homer Simulation 6 Conclusion References Dynamic Economic Dispatch with Electric Vehicle 1 Introduction 2 Economic Dispatch 2.1 Classification of Economic Dynamic Dispatch 3 Modelling of EV 4 Modelling of Dynamic Environmental Economic Dispatch Difficulty 4.1 Limitations 4.2 Problem Formulation 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References A Review and Analysis of Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery 1 Introduction 2 System Description and Operational Principle of VRFB 3 Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models (ECMs) of VRFB 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References AI and Soft Computing Power Transformer Protection Based on Fuzzy Logic System 1 Introduction 2 Method Proposed 2.1 Flowchart of Relay 2.2 Data Acquisition 2.3 Preprocessing: Clarke’s Transform 2.4 Design of Fuzzy System 3 Simulated Power System 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Human Activity Recognition: A Step Toward Ambient Assisted Living 1 Introduction 2 Data Collection and Pre-processing 3 Feature Extraction 4 Classification Based on Random Forest 5 Result 6 Discussion References Plant Growth Optimization Using Internet of Things for Self-Sustaining Indoor Farms 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 IoT Prototype System Architecture 2.2 The Experiment 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion and Future Enhancements References A Blockchain Point of View of Supply Chain Problems in India 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 An Impending Need of Fixing Supply Chain Issues 2.2 Concepts and Characteristics of Associated Problems and a Problem Resolution System 2.3 Blockchain Technology for Associated Problems (Literature Survey) 3 Methodology 3.1 Preliminary 3.2 System Proposed 3.3 Stakeholder Identification with Valid Ordered Quantity 3.4 Traceability Information of Every Single Component Used in Any Product 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Development of Smart Chatbot Using Artificial Intelligence in the Fight Against the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Methodology 2.1 Dataset Description 2.2 COVID-Chatbot Architecture 3 Implementation of Proposed Methodology 4 Experiment 5 Comparative Analysis 6 Conclusions References Communication Track—1 Circular Microstrip Antenna with Shorting Walls for Improved Radiation Performance 1 Introduction 2 Design Technique 3 Parametric Studies 4 Proposed Structure 5 Simulated Results 6 Conclusion References Modified Patch Geometry with Reduced Resonant Frequency 1 Introduction 2 Design and Analysis of Simple Rectangular Patch with Arc 3 Design and Analysis of Simple Rectangular Patch with Arc and Rectangular Spiral Slot 4 Conclusions References Ultra-Wideband Inverted T-Shape Slot Antenna 1 Introduction 2 Antenna Design 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Fusion Rule Optimisation for Energy Efficient Cluster-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 System Model 3.1 Inter and Intra Fusion Rule 3.2 Energy Efficiency in CSS 4 Problem Formulation and Constraints 5 Numerical Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Communication Track—2 Design of Dispersion Compensated with NRZ Modulation-Based 8- and 16-Channels WDM System for Long-Haul Communication 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Modeling 3 Simulation Layout and Parameters Setting 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References D2D Communication for Next Generation Cellular Systems: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Variants and Applications of D2D Communication 3 Design Challenges 4 Performance Gain of D2D Communication 4.1 Sum Rate Maximization 4.2 Interference Mitigation Techniques 5 Conclusion References Intelligent Reflecting Surface at Mm-Wave Band for D2D Communication: An Insight 1 Introduction 2 D2D Communication 3 Mm-Wave Propagation 4 IRS: The Key to Dynamic Obstacle 4.1 Signal Propagation 4.2 Resource Allocation 5 Conclusion References Signal Processing Track—1 Pre-trained EfficientNet-B0 with Adjusted Optimizer, Learning Rate and Image Size to Improve Diabetic Foot Ulcers Diagnosis 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Material and Methods 3.1 Dataset Description 3.2 Method 4 Experimental Results 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.2 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Performance Analysis of Image Enhancement Techniques for MRI Brain Images 1 Introduction 2 HE Technique 3 DSIHE Technique 4 ESIHE Technique 5 Image Parameters 5.1 Visual Quality 5.2 Entropy 5.3 PSNR 5.4 AMBE 6 Results 7 Conclusion References Effect of End Point Detection on Fixed Phrase Speaker Verification 1 Introduction 2 Endpoint Detection Methods 2.1 Voice Activity Detection (VAD) 2.2 Glottal Activity Detection (GAD) 2.3 Pitch and Energy-Based Detection (PED) 3 Baseline System for Speaker Verification 3.1 System Based on Speaker-Specific Threshold 3.2 System Based on Cohort Speaker 4 Database Used for Experimentation 5 Experimental Results and Discussion 5.1 Results Analysis for Speaker-Specific Threshold-Based System 5.2 Results Analysis for Cohort Speaker-Based System 6 Conclusion References Signal Processing Track—2 Detection of DME in OCT Images Based on Histogram Descriptor 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Input OCT Images 2.2 Preprocessing 2.3 Feature Detection and Extraction of Images 2.4 Classification 2.5 Experiment and Results 2.6 Conclusion and Future Works References Pain Assessment Using Randomness and Busyness of EMG Signal 1 Introduction 2 BioVid Heat Pain Database 3 Methodology 3.1 Normalization 3.2 Feature Extraction 3.3 Classification 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Literature Review on Brain Tumor Detection 1 Introduction 1.1 Classification of Brain Tumors by Machine Learning Algorithms (2019) 1.2 Brain Tumor Detection by Image Processing Using MATLAB (2016) 1.3 Design and Implementing Brain Tumor Detection Using Machine Learning Approach (2019) 1.4 Classification of Brain Tumor Types by Deep Learning with Convolutional Neural Network on Magnetic Resonance Images Using a Developed Web-Based Interface (2019) 1.5 Current Trends on Deep Learning Models for Brain Tumor Segmentation and Detection—A Review (2019) 1.6 A Deep Convolutional Neural Network Learning Transfer to SVM-Based Segmentation Method for Brain Tumor (2019) 1.7 Surgical Process Identification System Using Machine Learning in Awake Surgery for Brain Tumor (2019) 2 Conclusion References MEMS and VLSI Track—1 Design and Comparative Analysis of Dynamic Comparators for SAR ADC 1 Introduction 2 Different Architecture of Comparators 2.1 Conventional Comparator 2.2 Double-Tailed-Dynamic Comparator (DTD) 2.3 Controlled Comparator 3 Results and Analysis 3.1 Conventional Comparator 3.2 Double Tail Dynamic Comparator 4 Conclusion References FinFET: A Revolution in Nanometer Regime 1 Introduction 2 History and Evolution of FinFET Devices 3 Structure, Operation and Classification of FinFET Device 4 Manufacturing Parameters in FinFET Device 5 FinFET Structures of Different Materials 6 Reliability Analysis of FinFET Devices 7 Applications of FinFET with Focus on FinFET SRAM Cells 8 Performance Parameters of FinFET SRAM Cell Design 9 Conclusion References Resistive Switching Mechanism in Polymer Embedded Chemically Synthesized Reduced Graphene Oxide 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Procedure 2.1 Materials and Reagents Used 2.2 Synthesis of GO 2.3 Synthesis of rGO 2.4 Instrumentation 2.5 Fabrication of Device 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Optical Studies of rGO 3.2 Structural Studies 3.3 Electrical Studies 4 Conclusion References MEMS and VLSI Track—2 Design and Investigation of PGP SELBOX FinFET with Uniform and Non-uniform Doping Profile at Sub-7 nm Technology Node 1 Introduction 2 Device Structure and Its Parameters 3 Simulation Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References Comparison of Memristor-Based SRAM Cells at Subthreshold Voltage 1 Introduction 2 Memristor Behaviour and Properties 3 Design Methodology 4 Non-volatile SRAM Cell 4.1 6T2M Case1 4.2 7T1M SRAM Cell at Subthreshold 4.3 8T2M SRAM Cell at Subthreshold 5 N-Curve Analysis 6 Conclusion References Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of BiMetallic Au–Cu/g-C3N4 Nanocomposite as a Supercapacitor Electrode Material 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Details 2.1 Synthesis and Electrode Fabrication 2.2 Electrochemical Measurements 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Structural, Morphological, and Thermal Analysis 3.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis 4 Conclusion References