Introduction to Geographic Information Systems [9th ed.]

Description

Brief Contents......Page 3 Contents......Page 4 Preface......Page 14 Chapter 1 Introduction......Page 16 1.1 GIS......Page 17 1.1.2 A Brief History of GIS......Page 18 1.1.3 GIS Software Products......Page 19 Box 1.2 ArcGIS......Page 20 1.2.1 Geospatial Data......Page 21 1.2.4 Data Display......Page 23 1.2.6 Data Analysis......Page 24 1.3 Applications of GIS......Page 25 Box 1.3 A List of GIS Applications......Page 26 1.4 Integration of GIS, Web 2.0, and Mobile Technology......Page 27 1.4.3 Collaborative Web Mapping......Page 28 1.5 Organization of This Book......Page 29 Key Concepts and Terms......Page 30 Review Questions......Page 31 Task 1 Introduction to ArcCatalog......Page 32 Task 2 Introduction to ArcMap......Page 33 References......Page 35 Chapter 2 Coordinate Systems......Page 37 2.1 Geographic Coordinate System......Page 38 2.1.1 Approximation of the Earth......Page 39 2.1.3 NAD27 and NAD83......Page 40 Box 2.1 Datum Accuracy......Page 41 Box 2.2 How to Measure Distances on the Earth's Surface......Page 42 2.2.1 Types of Map Projections......Page 43 2.2.2 Map Projection Parameters......Page 44 2.3.1 Transverse Mercator......Page 46 2.3.3 Albers Equal-Area Conic......Page 47 Box 2.3 Map Scale......Page 48 2.4.1 The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid System......Page 49 2.4.3 The State Plane Coordinate System......Page 50 2.4.4 The Public Land Survey System......Page 51 2.5.2 Predefined Coordinate Systems......Page 52 2.5.3 On-the-Fly Projection......Page 53 Key Concepts and Terms......Page 54 Applications: Coordinate Systems......Page 56 Task 1 Project from a Geographic to a Projected Coordinate System......Page 57 Task 3 Project Using a Predefined Coordinate System......Page 58 Task 5 Reproject a Raster......Page 59 Challenge Task......Page 60 Chapter 3 Vector Data Model......Page 61 3.1 Representation of Spatial Features......Page 62 Box 3.1 Specifications of Spatial Features by Google, OpenStreetMap, and GeoJSON......Page 63 3.2.1 TIGER......Page 64 Box 3.2 Adjacency and Incidence......Page 65 3.2.2 Importance of Topology......Page 66 3.3.2 Coverage Data Structure......Page 67 3.3.3 The Shapefile......Page 69 3.4.1 Classes and Class Relationships......Page 70 3.4.3 The Geodatabase......Page 71 Box 3.3 ArcObjects and ArcGIS......Page 72 3.4.4 Topology Rules......Page 73 Box 3.5 NHDinGEO......Page 74 3.5.1 TINs......Page 75 3.5.2 Regions......Page 76 3.5.3 Routes......Page 78 Key Concepts and Terms......Page 79 Review Questions......Page 80 Task 1 Examine the Data File Structure of Coverage and Shapefile......Page 81 Task 2 Create File Geodatabase, Feature Dataset, and Feature Class......Page 82 Task 4 Examine Polylines with Measures......Page 83 Challenge Task......Page 84 References......Page 85 Chapter 4 Raster Data Model......Page 86 4.1 Elements of the Raster Data Model......Page 87 4.1.5 Spatial Reference......Page 88 Box 4.1 Data Volumes of High Resolution (SPOT 5) and Very High Resolution (IKONOS) Satellite Images......Page 89 4.2.1 Landsat......Page 90 4.2.2 SPOT......Page 91 Box 4.2 An Example of a Digital Elevation Model......Page 92 4.3.3 LiDAR......Page 93 4.4.1 Digital Orthophotos......Page 94 4.4.6 GIS Software-Specific Raster Data......Page 95 4.5.1 Cell-by-Cell Encoding......Page 96 4.5.3 Quadtree......Page 97 4.5.4 Header File......Page 98 4.6 Raster Data Compression......Page 99 Box 4.4 A Simple Wavelet Example: The Haar Wavelet......Page 100 4.7.2 Vectorization......Page 101 Box 4.5 Digital Earth......Page 102 Review Questions......Page 103 Task 1 View and Import DEM Data......Page 104 Task 4 Convert Vector Data to Raster Data......Page 105 References......Page 106 Chapter 5 GISIS Data Acquisition......Page 108 5.1.2 U.S. Geological Survey......Page 109 Box 5.1 Data Formats for USGS Products......Page 110 5.1.3 National Aeronautics and Space Administration......Page 111 5.1.6 Examples of Statewide, Metropolitan, and County-Level Data......Page 112 Box 5.2 LiDAR Data Sources......Page 113 5.3.1 Direct Translation......Page 114 5.4 Creation of New Data......Page 115 5.4.2 Survey Data......Page 116 5.4.3 GPS Data......Page 117 Box 5.3 An Example of GPS Data......Page 118 Box 5.5 GPS and OpenStreetMap......Page 119 Box 5.6 Positional Accuracy of GPS Units and GPS-Enabled Mobile Phones......Page 120 5.4.5 Digitizing Using a Digitizing Table......Page 121 5.4.6 Scanning......Page 122 5.4.8 Importance of Source Maps......Page 125 Key Concepts and Terms......Page 126 Task 1 Download USGS DEM......Page 127 Task 2 Digitize On-Screen......Page 128 Task 3 Add XY Data......Page 129 References......Page 130 Chapter 6 Geometric Transformation......Page 132 6.1.2 Transformation Methods......Page 133 6.1.3 Affine Transformation......Page 134 6.1.4 Control Points......Page 135 Box 6.1 Estimation of Transformation Coefficients......Page 136 6.2 Root Mean Square (RMS) Error......Page 137 Box 6.3 RMS from an Affine Transformation......Page 138 6.3 Interpretation of RMS Errors on Digitized Maps......Page 139 6.4.1 Resampling Methods......Page 140 6.4.2 Other Uses of Resampling......Page 141 Review Questions......Page 142 Task 1 Georeference and Rectify a Scanned Map......Page 143 Task 2 Vectorize Raster Lines......Page 144 Task 3 Perform Image-to-Map Transformation......Page 145 References......Page 147 Chapter 7 Spatial Data Accuracy & Quality......Page 148 7.1.2 Causes of Digitizing Errors......Page 149 7.2 Spatial Data Accuracy Standards......Page 150 Box 7.1 National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy Statistic......Page 151 7.3.1 Topological Errors with Spatial Features......Page 152 7.3.2 Topological Errors between Layers......Page 153 Box 7.2 Topological Editing in GIS......Page 154 7.5.1 Editing Existing Features......Page 155 7.5.2 Creating Features from Existing Features......Page 156 7.6.2 Line Generalization and Smoothing......Page 157 Review Questions......Page 159 Task 1 Edit a Shapefile......Page 160 Task 2 Use Cluster Tolerance to Fix Digitizing Errors Between Two Shapefiles......Page 161 Task 3 Use Topology Rule to Fix Dangles......Page 162 Task 4 Use Topology Rule to Ensure Two Polygon Layers Covering Each Other......Page 164 References......Page 165 Chapter 8 Attribute Data Management......Page 166 8.1.2 Database Management......Page 168 Box 8.2 What Is BLOB?......Page 169 8.2 The Relational Model......Page 170 8.2.2 Normalization......Page 172 8.2.3 Types of Relationships......Page 175 8.4 Spatial Join......Page 177 8.5.2 Methods of Data Entry......Page 178 8.6.2 Classification of Attribute Data......Page 179 Key Concepts and Terms......Page 180 Applications: Attribute Data Management......Page 181 Task 1 Use Validation Rule for Entering Attribute Data......Page 182 Task 4 Create New Attribute by Data Classification......Page 183 Task 5 Use Advanced Method for Attribute Data Classification......Page 184 Task 7 Create Relationship Class......Page 185 References......Page 186 Chapter 9 Data Display and Cartography......Page 187 9.1.1 Spatial Features and Map Symbols......Page 189 Box 9.1 Choice of Map Symbols in Google My Maps......Page 190 9.1.3 Data Classification......Page 191 9.1.4 Generalization......Page 192 9.2 Types of Quantitative Maps......Page 193 Box 9.3 Mapping Derived and Absolute Values......Page 195 9.3.1 Type Variations......Page 196 9.3.2 Selection of Type Variations......Page 197 9.3.3 Placement of Text in the Map Body......Page 198 Box 9.4 Options for Dynamic Labeling......Page 199 9.4.1 Layout......Page 201 Box 9.5 Better Mapping Campaign......Page 202 9.4.2 Visual Hierarchy......Page 204 9.5 Animated Maps......Page 205 9.6 Map Production......Page 206 Box 9.6 Working with Soft-Copy Maps......Page 207 Key Concepts and Terms......Page 208 Review Questions......Page 209 Task 1 Make a Choropleth Map......Page 210 Task 2 Use Graduated Symbols, Line Symbols, Highway Shield Symbols, and Text Symbols......Page 213 Task 3 Label Streams......Page 215 Challenge Task......Page 216 References......Page 217 Chapter 10 Data Exploration......Page 219 Box 10.1 Data Visualization and Visual Analytics......Page 220 Box 10.2 Descriptive Statistics......Page 221 10.1.2 Graphs......Page 222 10.2.1 Data Classification......Page 225 10.2.2 Spatial Aggregation......Page 226 10.2.3 Map Comparison......Page 227 Box 10.4 SQL for Attribute Data Query......Page 228 10.3.2 Query Expressions......Page 229 10.3.4 Examples of Query Operations......Page 231 10.4 Spatial Data Query......Page 232 10.4.1 Feature Selection by Graphic......Page 233 Box 10.5 Spatial Query and Spatial Join Tools in ArcGIS......Page 234 10.5.1 Query by Cell Value......Page 235 Key Concepts and Terms......Page 236 Applications: Data Exploration......Page 237 Task 2 Make Dynamic Chart......Page 238 Task 4 Query Attribute Data from a Relational Database......Page 239 Task 5 Combine Spatial and Attribute Data Queries......Page 240 Task 6 Perform Spatial Join......Page 241 Challenge Task......Page 242 References......Page 243 Chapter 11 Vector Data Analysis......Page 244 11.1.1 Variations in Buffering......Page 245 Box 11.1 Riparian Buffer Width......Page 246 11.1.2 Applications of Buffering......Page 247 11.2 Overlay......Page 248 11.2.2 Overlay Methods......Page 249 Box 11.4 Difference between Overlay and Spatial Join......Page 250 11.2.4 Slivers......Page 251 11.2.5 Error Propagation in Overlay......Page 252 11.2.6 Applications of Overlay......Page 253 11.4 Pattern Analysis......Page 254 11.4.1 Analysis of Random and Nonrandom Patterns......Page 255 11.4.2 Moran's I for Measuring Spatial Autocorrelation......Page 257 11.4.3 G-Statistic for Measuring High/Low Clustering......Page 259 11.5 Feature Manipulation......Page 260 Key Concepts and Terms......Page 262 Task 1 Perform Buffering and Overlay......Page 264 Task 3 Perform Areal Interpolation......Page 266 Task 4 Compute General and Local G-Statistics......Page 267 Task 6 Perform Dissolve......Page 268 Challenge Task......Page 269 References......Page 270 Chapter 12 Raster Data Analysis......Page 273 Box 12.1 How to Make an Analysis Mask......Page 274 12.2.3 Local Operations with Multiple Rasters......Page 275 12.2.4 Applications of Local Operations......Page 276 Box 12.2 A Case Study of RUSLE......Page 277 12.3.2 Applications of Neighborhood Operations......Page 278 12.4.1 Zonal Statistics......Page 280 12.4.2 Applications of Zonal Operations......Page 281 12.5 Physical Distance Measure Operations......Page 282 12.5.2 Applications of Physical Distance Measure Operations......Page 283 12.6.1 Raster Data Management......Page 284 12.6.3 Raster Data Generalization......Page 285 12.8 Comparison of Vector- and Raster-Based Data Analysis......Page 286 Box 12.6 A Case for Raster-Based Overlay......Page 287 Review Questions......Page 288 Task 1 Perform a Local Operation......Page 289 Task 5 Measure Physical Distances......Page 290 Task 7 Run Map Algebra......Page 291 References......Page 292 Chapter 13 Terrain Mapping and Analysis......Page 294 13.1.2 TIN......Page 295 13.2.1 Contouring......Page 296 13.2.2 Vertical Profiling......Page 297 13.2.3 Hill Shading......Page 298 Box 13.2 A Worked Example of Computing Relative Radiance......Page 299 13.2.5 Perspective View......Page 300 13.3 Slope and Aspect......Page 302 13.3.1 Computing Algorithms for Slope and Aspect Using Raster......Page 303 Box 13.4 Conversion of D to Aspect......Page 304 Box 13.5 A Worked Example of Computing Slope and Aspect Using Raster......Page 305 13.3.3 Factors Influencing Slope and Aspect Measures......Page 306 Box 13.7 A Worked Example of Computing Surface Curvature......Page 308 13.5 Raster Versus TIN......Page 309 Review Questions......Page 310 Task 1 Use DEM for Terrain Mapping......Page 311 Task 2 Derive Slope, Aspect, and Curvature from DEM......Page 313 Task 3 Build and Display a TIN......Page 314 Challenge Task......Page 315 References......Page 316 Chapter 14 Viewshed & Watershed Analysis......Page 318 14.1.1 Line-of-Sight Operation......Page 319 14.1.4 Cumulative Viewshed......Page 320 Box 14.1 An Application Example of Cumulative Viewshed......Page 321 Box 14.2 Tools for Selecting Viewpoints......Page 322 14.3 Applications of Viewshed Analysis......Page 324 14.4.1 Filled DEM......Page 325 14.4.2 Flow Direction......Page 326 14.4.5 Stream Links......Page 327 14.4.7 Point-Based Watersheds......Page 328 Box 14.5 Snapping Pour Points......Page 329 14.5.1 DEM Resolution......Page 330 14.5.3 Flow Accumulation Threshold......Page 332 14.6 Applications of Watershed Analysis......Page 333 Review Questions......Page 334 Task 1 Perform Viewshed Analysis......Page 335 Task 2 Create a New Lookout Shapefile for Viewshed Analysis......Page 336 Task 3 Delineate Areawide Watersheds......Page 337 Task 4 Derive Upstream Contributing Areas at Pour Points......Page 338 References......Page 339 Chapter 15 Spatial Interpolation......Page 342 15.1.2 Type of Spatial Interpolation......Page 343 15.2.1 Trend Surface Models......Page 344 Box 15.1 A Worked Example of Trend Surface Analysis......Page 345 15.3 Local Methods......Page 346 15.3.1 Thiessen Polygons......Page 347 15.3.2 Density Estimation......Page 348 15.3.3 Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation......Page 349 Box 15.2 A Worked Example of Kernel Density Estimation......Page 350 15.3.4 Thin-Plate Splines......Page 351 Box 15.4 Radial Basis Functions......Page 352 15.4.1 Semivariogram......Page 353 15.4.2 Models......Page 355 15.4.3 Ordinary Kriging......Page 357 15.4.5 Other Kriging Methods......Page 358 Box 15.6 A Worked Example of Ordinary Kriging Estimation......Page 359 15.5 Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Methods......Page 360 Box 15.7 A Worked Example of Universal Kriging Estimation......Page 361 Key Concepts and Terms......Page 362 Task 1 Use Trend Surface Model for Interpolation......Page 364 Task 3 Use IDW for Interpolation......Page 366 Task 4 Use Ordinary Kriging for Interpolation......Page 367 Challenge Task......Page 368 References......Page 369 Chapter 16 Geocoding and Dynamic Segmentation......Page 371 16.1.1 Geocoding Reference Database......Page 372 Box 16.2 Positional Accuracy of Road Networks in TIGER/Line Files......Page 373 16.1.2 The Address Matching Process......Page 374 16.1.4 Offset Plotting Options......Page 375 16.1.5 Quality of Geocoding......Page 376 Box 16.5 Online Geocoding Services......Page 377 16.3.2 Business Applications......Page 378 16.4.1 Routes......Page 379 16.4.2 Creating Routes......Page 380 16.4.4 Creating Event Tables......Page 382 16.5.1 Data Management......Page 383 16.5.4 Data Analysis......Page 384 Review Questions......Page 385 Task 1 Geocode Street Addresses......Page 386 Task 2 Display and Query Routes and Events......Page 387 Task 3 Analyze Two Event Layers......Page 388 Task 4 Create a Stream Route and Analyze Slope Along the Route......Page 389 Task 6 Check the Quality of TIGER/Line Files......Page 390 References......Page 391 Chapter 17 Least-Cost Path Analysis and Network Analysis......Page 393 Box 17.1 Cost Raster for a Site Analysis of Pipelines......Page 394 17.1.4 Deriving the Least Accumulative Cost Path......Page 395 17.1.5 Options for Least-Cost Path Analysis......Page 397 Box 17.2 Derivation of the Least Accumulative Cost Path......Page 398 17.3.2 Junction and Turn Impedance......Page 399 Box 17.3 Routing Network for Disabled People......Page 400 17.4.3 Attributing the Network Features......Page 401 17.5.1 Shortest Path Analysis......Page 402 17.5.4 Closest Facility......Page 404 17.5.5 Allocation......Page 405 17.5.6 Location–Allocation......Page 406 Key Concepts and Terms......Page 408 Task 1 Compute the Least Accumulative Cost Distance......Page 409 Task 2 Compute the Path Distance......Page 410 Task 3 Run Shortest Path Analysis......Page 411 Task 4 Build a Geodatabase Network Dataset......Page 412 Task 5 Find Closest Facility......Page 413 Challenge Task......Page 414 References......Page 415 Chapter 18 GIS Models and Modeling......Page 417 18.1.1 Classification of GIS Models......Page 418 18.1.3 The Role of GIS in Modeling......Page 419 18.2 Binary Models......Page 420 18.2.2 Raster-Based Method......Page 421 Box 18.2 The Conservation Reserve Program......Page 422 18.3.1 The Weighted Linear Combination Method......Page 423 18.3.2 Other Index Methods......Page 424 Box 18.3 The Land Evaluation and Site Assessment System......Page 427 18.4.1 Multiple Linear Regression Models......Page 428 18.4.2 Regression Models with Spatial Data......Page 429 18.4.3 Logistic Regression Models......Page 430 18.5.1 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation......Page 431 18.5.2 Critical Rainfall Model......Page 432 Review Questions......Page 433 Task 1 Build a Vector-Based Binary Model......Page 434 Task 2 Build a Raster-Based Binary Model......Page 435 Task 3 Build a Vector-Based Index Model......Page 436 Task 4 Build a Raster-Based Index Model......Page 437 References......Page 438 Index......Page 442