Endophytic Association: What, Why and How

Description

Endophytic Association: What, Why, and How focuses on the endophytic association of plants, how they have originated inside the host, their importance, and how they are beneficial for the environment, as well as humans. The book discusses how using endophytic microbes in agricultural fields can be enriched without impacting environment negatively, and how they can be utilized for pharmaceutical purposes, including bioremediation. It includes advanced and up-to-date information, as well as future directions for young researchers and scientists who are working in the field of agriculture, pharmaceuticals, bio nanotechnology and bioremediation of environmental contaminants for environmental protection and sustainable development. IFC Half title Half title Copyright Contents Contributors 1 Pathogens control using mangrove endophytic fungi 1.1 An introduction of mangrove and endophytic fungi and natural compounds studies 1.2 Mangrove endophytic fungi and pathogen control 1.3 Bacteria control 1.4 Viruses control 1.5 Parasites control 1.6 Final considerations References 2 Endophytic fungi-mediated synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Gold nanoparticles 1.3 Silver nanoparticles 1.4 Conclusion and future prospect References 3 Endophytes: A novel tool for sustainable agriculture 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Biodiversity of endophytes 3.2.1 Fungal endophytes 3.2.2 Bacterial endophytes 3.2.3 Algal endophytes 3.3 Interaction between the endophytes and their host plants 3.4 Transmission of endophytes 3.4.1 Vertical transmission 3.4.2 Horizontal transmission 3.4.3 Transmission of fungal endophytes 3.4.4 Transmission of bacterial endophytes 3.5 Endophytes for environment and agriculture sustainablility 3.6 Applications of endophytes 3.6.1 Nutrient cycling 3.6.2 Plant growth promotion by endophytes 3.6.3 Bioremediation/biodegradation 3.6.4 The role of endophytic microorganisms in bioremediation 3.6.5 Future perspective 3.6.6 Phytostimulation 3.6.7 Phytoimmobilization 3.6.8 Phyto-transformation 3.6.9 Phytovolatilization 3.6.10 Biofertilization 3.6.11 Biocontrol 3.7 Impact of endophytes on bioactive compounds of host plant 3.8 Extracellular enzymes from endophytes 3.9 Conclusion References 4 The role of bioactive metabolites synthesized by endophytes against MDR human pathogens 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Mechanism of MDR development 4.2.1 Target protein mutation 4.2.2 MDR produced by biofilm formation 4.2.3 Enzyme-based inactivation of drugs 4.2.4 Efflux pumping mechanism 4.2.5 Alteration of porin structures 4.3 Types of endophytes and their associations 4.3.1 Endophytic fungi 4.3.2 Endophytic bacteria 4.3.3 Actinomycetes 4.3.4 Mycoplasma 4.4 Types of bioactive compounds 4.4.1 Secondary metabolites 4.4.2 Defense enzymes and phytohormones 4.4.3 Antimicrobial agents 4.4.4 Anticancer compounds 4.4.5 Antibiotics 4.5 Mechanism of screening and isolation 4.5.1 Extraction 4.5.2 Identification followed by characterization 4.6 Mode of action of the bioactive compounds 4.6.1 Disruption of cell wall biosynthesis and cell lysis 4.6.2 Blocking of biofilm synthesis 4.6.3 Cell wall biosynthesis inhibition 4.6.4 Prokaryotic DNA replication blockage 4.6.5 Energy synthesis inhibition 4.6.6 Bacterial toxin inhibition 4.6.7 Inhibition of bacterial resistance against antibiotics 4.6.8 ROS generation 4.7 Conclusion References 5 Endophyte-induced bioremediation of toxic metals/metalloids 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Endophytes 5.2.1 Role of endophytes to improve phytoremediation 5.2.2 Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation of toxic metals and metalloids 5.2.3 Endophytic bacteria role in remediation of toxic metals and metalloids 5.2.4 Endophytic fungi role in remediation of toxic metal and metalloids 5.3 Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation in mixed pollutant scenarios 5.4 Plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria-assisted phytoremediation 5.4.1 Mechanism of plant growth promotion 5.4.2 Mechanism of altering plant metal uptake Conclusion and future perspectives References 6 Biological control of plant diseases by endophytes 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Recent approaches used to control plant diseases in agriculture 6.1.2 Biocontrol as an environmentally sound approach for plant disease control 6.2 Endophytes 6.2.1 Biocontrol mechanism of endophytes-mediated disease control 6.2.2 Current position of endophytes as biocontrol agents Conclusion Acknowledgments Conflict of interest statement References 7 Endophytes and their bioactive metabolite's role against various MDR microbes causing diseases in humans 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Endophytes: what are they? 7.3 Types of endophytes 7.4 Isolation and identification of endophytes from different sources 7.4.1 How to isolate endophytes? 7.5 Mode of entry of endophytic bacteria in the plant 7.6 Endophytes and their bioactive compounds 7.6.1 Synthesis of bioactive compounds by endophytic microbes 7.6.2 Secondary metabolites 7.6.3 Synthesis of secondary metabolites 7.7 Endophytic bacteria-mediated secondary metabolite formation 7.8 Microbial endophytes: drug source against various diseases 7.9 Endophytes and their biosynthetic potential 7.10 Future prospective 7.11 Conclusion References 8 Endophytic bacteria for drug discovery and bioremediation of heavy metals 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Mode of entry and establishment of symbiotic relationship with plant–endophytic bacteria 8.3 Bioactive compounds isolated from endophytes 8.3.1 Secondary metabolites 8.3.2 Anticancer compounds 8.3.3 Antimicrobial compounds 8.3.4 Antibiotics from endophytes 8.3.5 Antioxidant compounds from endophytes 8.3.6 Products of endophytes with insecticidal activities 8.4 Bioremediation of heavy metals by endophytic bacteria 8.5 The role of endophytic microorganisms in bioremediation 8.6 Characteristics of pollutant-degrading endophytic bacteria 8.7 Plant–endophytic bacteria mutualism for the remediation of contaminated soil 8.8 Plant–endophyte mutualism for the remediation of contaminated water 8.9 Future prospective and conclusion References 9 Mechanism of biological control of plant diseases by endophytes 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Endophytes 9.3 Biocontrol-endophytes 9.3.1 Bacterial biocontrol-endophytes 9.3.2 Fungal endophytes 9.4 Mechanisms of biocontrol-endophytes to controlling phytopathogens 9.4.1 Siderophore production 9.4.2 Lytic enzyme production 9.4.3 ACC deaminase production 9.4.4 Bioactive metabolites production 9.4.5 Induced systematic resistance 9.4.6 Molecular approaches to control phytopathogens 9.5 Advantages of biocontrol-endophytes 9.6 Challenges 9.7 Future prospects 9.9 Conclusion References 10 The role of endophytes to boost the plant immunity 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Origin of symbiosis 10.3 Bacterial endophytes 10.4 Fungal endophytes 10.5 The molecular mechanism behind the host endophytic association 10.6 Pathogen-symbiont trade-off 10.7 Modulation of plant immune system by endophytes 10.8 Endophytes and host's genetic expression 10.9 Role of endophytes in plant defense 10.10 Concluding remark References 11 Endophytes based nanoparticles: A novel source of biological activities 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Endophytic microbes (bacteria or fungi) 11.1.2 Significance of endophytic fungi 11.1.3 Endophytes and nanoparticles 11.2 Nanotechnology 11.3 Methodology for nanoparticles synthesis through endophytes 11.4 Applications of endophyte-mediated NPs 11.4.1 Antimicrobial mechanisms of nanometal toxicity 11.4.2 Pharmacological applications 11.4.3 Antiviral agents 11.4.4 Wound healing activity Conclusions and future prospects References 12 Nanoparticles: Characters, applications, and synthesis by endophytes 12.1 Introduction to bionanotechnology 12.2 Historical perspectives 12.3 Synthesis of nanoparticles 12.3.1 Chemical and physical methods of nanoparticles synthesis 12.3.2 Biological synthesis of nanoparticles 12.4 Introduction to endophytes 12.4.1 Types of endophytes 12.5 Applications of endophytes 12.5.1 Therapeutics 12.5.2 Plant growth enhancement 12.5.3 Bioremediation 12.5.4 Phytoremediation 12.5.5 Novel products 12.6 Methods for the isolation of endophytic micro-organism 12.7 Nanoparticles synthesis by endophytic micro-organisms 12.7.1 Nanoparticles synthesized by endophytic bacteria 12.7.2 Nanoparticles synthesized by endophytic actinomycetes 12.7.3 Nanoparticles synthesized by endophytic fungi 12.8 Mechanistic insights involved in the microbial synthesis of nanoparticles 12.9 Properties of nanoparticles 12.9.1 Electronic and optical properties 12.9.2 Magnetic properties 12.9.3 Mechanical properties 12.9.4 Thermal properties 12.10 Characterization methods for nanoparticle analysis 12.10.1 UV–Vis spectroscopy 12.10.2 Dynamic light scattering 12.10.3 Atomic force microscopy 12.10.4 Transmission electron microscopy 12.10.5 Scanning electron microscopy 12.10.6 X-ray-based techniques 12.10.7 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 12.11 Applications of nanoparticles 12.11.1 Diagnostics 12.11.2 Cancer therapy 12.11.3 Antimicrobial activity 12.11.4 Catalytic activity 12.11.5 Antioxidant activity 12.11.6 Environmental remediation 12.11.7 Agricultural application 12.11.8 Drug delivery system References 13 Endophytes and their secondary metabolites against human pathogenic MDR microbes 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Untapped bioactive potential of endophytic bacteria 13.2.1 Ecomycins 13.2.2 Pseudomycins 13.2.3 Munumbicins 13.2.4 Kakudumycins 13.2.5 Xiamycins 13.3 Bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi 13.4 Conclusion References 14 Sustainable agriculture approach through endophytes 14.1 Introduction: principle and basic concept 14.2 Classification and diversity of endophytes 14.3 Ecological role and relevancy in agriculture practices 14.4 Current pragmatic applications 14.4.1 Applications of endophytes in plant growth promotion 14.4.2 Applications of endophytes in plant health management 14.4.3 Role of endophytes in enhancing plants’ tolerance to abiotic stress 14.4.4 Other important applications of endophytes 14.5 Challenges and imminent prospectus 14.6 Conclusions References 15 Role of endophytes in bionanotechnology 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Endophytes as biofactories of nanoparticles 15.2.1 Endophytic bacteria as biofactories of nanoparticles 15.2.2 Endophytic actinomycetes as sources of nanoparticles 15.2.3 Endophytic fungi as biofactories of nanoparticles 15.3 Mechanism of biosythesis of nanoparticles by endophytic microorganisms 15.4 Role of endophytic nanoparticles in antimicrobials 15.4.1 Antibacterial activities 15.4.2 Antifungal activities 15.5 Pharmacological applications of endophytic nanoparticles 15.5.1 Endophytic nanoparticles in antimicrobial drug formulation 15.5.2 Cytotoxic/anticancerous activities 15.5.3 Anti-inflammatory activities 15.6 Conclusions and future prospectives References 16 Antagonistic activity of endophytic nanoparticles against plant and human pathogens 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Significance of endophytes in bionanotechology 16.2.1 Endophytes: general introduction 16.2.2 Endophytic fungi as a source of nanoparticles 16.2.3 Endophytic bacteria as a source of nanoparticles 16.3 Antagonistic activities of endophytic nanoparticles against plant pathogens 16.3.1 Antibacterial activities against phytopathogens 16.3.2 Antifungal activities against phytopathogens 16.4 Antagonistic activities of endophytic nanoparticles against human pathogens 16.4.1 Antibacterial activities against human pathogens 16.4.2 Antifungal activities against human pathogens 16.5 Mechanistic basis of antipathogenic activities of nanoparticles 16.5.1 Cell envelope penetration 16.5.2 ROS formation and impairment of metabolic activities 16.5.3 Interaction with DNA 16.6 Potential applications of endophytic nanoparticles in biocontrol of plant and human pathogens 16.6.1 Endophytic nanoparticles in plant-disease management 16.6.2 Nanoparticles as a substitute to antibiotics 16.6.3 Antibiofilm activities 16.7 Summary References 17 Molecular mechanism for production of nanoparticles by endophytes 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Green synthesis of nanoparticles by using plant extract 17.3 Synthesis of nanoparticles by endophytic microoraganisms 17.3.1 Metallic nanoparticles 17.3.2 Metal oxide and metal sulfide nanoparticles 17.4 Conclusion References 18 Management of plant diseases using endophytes as biocontrol agents: Present status and future prospects 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Endophytes 18.3 Endophytic bacteria against plant pathogens 18.4 Endophytic fungi against plant pathogens 18.5 Mechanism of endophytes in plant protection 18.5.1 Direct protection from plant pathogens 18.5.2 Indirect protection from plant pathogens 18.6 Conclusion References 19 Application of bioactive metabolites produced by endophytes against MDR microbes causing diseases in humans 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Why endophytes? 19.3 Endophytic fungi as a source of antimicrobials 19.3.1 Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi 19.3.2 Extraction, purification, and identification of secondary metabolites 19.4 Antibacterial potential of endophytic fungal metabolites 19.5 Conclusion References 20 Importance of endophytes and mechanisms of their interactions with host-plants 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Isolation of endophytic microbes 20.2.1 Media for isolating bacterial endosymbiont 20.2.2 Media for isolating fungal endosymbiont 20.2.3 Identification of endophytes 20.3 Molecular approach to identify endophytic microbes 20.4 Marker and primer for endophyte identification 20.5 Techniques for identification of endophytes 20.6 Analysis of endophyte diversity 20.6.1 Nonculturable method 20.6.2 Metagenomic and pyrosequencing approaches 20.7 Plant factors for endophytic association 20.7.1 Role of phytohormone on endophyte-associated signaling 20.7.2 Nutrient acquisition and role on plant growth promotion 20.7.3 Role on auxins production 20.7.4 Role on cytokinin production 20.7.5 Role on gibberellins production 20.8 Role on disease suppression 20.9 Role on pharmaceuticals 20.9.1 Production of antimicrobial compounds 20.9.2 Production of immunosuppressive compounds 20.9.3 Production of antidiabetic agents from fungal endophytes 20.9.4 Production of anticancer agents 20.9.5 Production of antioxidants compounds 20.10 Role of endophytes on bioremediation 20.11 Discussion 20.12 Concluding remarks References 21 Endophytic microbes: A potential source of bioactive metabolites with therapeutic values 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Types of endophytes and establishment of endophytic relationship 21.3 Bioactive secondary compounds of clinical significance produced by endophytes 21.4 Antimicrobials produced by endophytic microorganisms 21.4.1 Peptides 21.4.2 Terpenes and terpenoids 21.4.3 Alkaloids 21.4.4 Steroids 21.4.5 Phenols 21.4.6 Quinones 21.4.7 Flavonoids 21.5 Anticancer compounds produced by endophytes 21.6 Antioxidant compounds produced by endophytes 21.7 Coproduction of bioactive compounds by endophytes and their host 21.8 Novel bioactive compounds are needed to fight against resistant pathogens 21.9 Conclusion References 22 Plant growth-promoting potential of endophytic bacteria for sustainable agriculture 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Diversity of PGPEB in agricultural crops and their growth-promoting attributes 22.3 Mechanisms of plant growth promotions 22.3.1 Direct mechanisms 22.3.2 Indirect mechanisms 22.4 Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgments References 23 Green synthesis of nanoparticles by endophytes 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Nanoparticles and endophytes: incredible amalgamation 23.3 Approaches nanoparticles synthesis by endophytic microorganisms 23.4 Nanoparticles produced from endophytic organisms 23.4.1 Silver nanoparticles from endophytes 23.4.2 Gold nanoparticles from endophytes 23.4.3 Other metallic nanoparticles 23.5 Conclusion References 24 Endophytes: Potential agents for sustainable agriculture practices 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Endophytes and plant physiology 24.3 Endophytes as plant growth regulator 24.4 Endophytes in biotic stresses 24.5 Endophytes in abiotic stresses 24.5.1 Heat 24.5.2 Drought 24.5.3 Salinity 24.6 Indian perspective on endophytes in sustainable agriculture 24.7 Conclusion References 25 Induction of stress tolerance in plants by endophytes for sustainable development 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Role of endophytes in managing biotic stress 25.2.1 Protection from pathogenic fungi 25.2.2 Protection from invading nematodes 25.2.3 Some patented discoveries in the history of endophyte mediated antifungal activity 25.3 Role of endophytes in managing abiotic stress 25.4 Enhancing stress tolerance activity by production of plant growth-promoting factors 25.5 Role of endophytes in mediating heavy metal toxicity 25.6 Conclusions References Index IBC