Oil Crops

Description

The volume on oil crop breeding is the third volume in the series, Handbook of Plant Breeding after the initial volumes on Vegetables and Cereals. Like the other volumes in the series, the volume will present information on the latest in applied plant breeding using the current advances in the field. The book consists of a total number of 19 chapters, with 17 being devoted to individual crops and two chapters dealing with general aspects of oil crop breeding. Outstanding scientists for each crop species are proposed as senior authors, who may invite co-authors to contribute part of a chapter. In order to increase the overall acceptance of the volume, authors from different research groups/countries have been asked to collaborate (if possible) on one and the same chapter in particular crops. The book is comprised primarily of specific issues and techniques pertaining to individual crops. It provides an update of the new oilseed crop development covering mainly Limnanthes ssp. and Cuphea ssp., which represent newly domesticated oil crop species with unique crop or oil characteristics. The last two chapters in the book are designed as introductory or review chapters; they highlight topics of general interest in oil crop breeding such as domestication/genetic diversity, oil crop breeding targets, oil crop and human health issues, selection strategies with biotechnologies and analytical techniques as well as genetic engineering of fatty acid profiles. This book is of interest to researchers in both academic and industrial setting as well as students and teachers of plant breeding. Oil Crops......Page 1 HANDBOOK OF PLANT BREEDING......Page 2 Foreword......Page 5 Preface......Page 9 Contents......Page 11 Contributors......Page 13 1.1 Introduction......Page 17 1.2 Domestication and Genetic Diversity......Page 20 1.2.1 Domestication of Oil Crops......Page 21 1.2.2 Oil Crop Germplasm......Page 22 1.2.3 Genetic Diversity in Oil Crops - Selected Examples......Page 24 1.3 Recent Milestones in Oil Crop Breeding......Page 26 1.4.1.1 Oil Bodies and the Cytology of Oil Content......Page 28 1.4.1.2 Botanical Features of Oil Content......Page 29 1.4.1.3 Genetics of Oil Content......Page 32 1.4.1.4 Breeding for Oil Content......Page 34 1.4.2 Altered Seed Composition for Health and Industrial Applications......Page 35 1.5.1 Technology......Page 36 1.5.2 Biology......Page 37 References......Page 38 2.2.1 Fatty Acid Profile and Oil Functionality......Page 47 2.2.2 Conventional Approaches to Fatty Acid Modification......Page 48 2.2.3 Novel Fatty Acid Profiles in Soybean Derived from the Tools of Biotechnology......Page 49 2.3.1 Engineering Complex Pathways into Plant Seeds......Page 51 2.3.2 LCPUFA Production in Plants......Page 54 2.3.3 EPA Production in Plants via the Delta6 Desaturase Pathway......Page 55 2.3.4 EPA Production in Plants via the Delta9 Elongase Pathway......Page 58 2.3.5 DHA Production in Plants via the Aerobic Elongation/Desaturation Pathways......Page 59 2.4.1 Non-food Uses of Plant Oils......Page 60 2.4.2 High Oleic Acid Soybean Oil......Page 61 2.4.3 Metabolic Engineering of Soybean for the Production of Oils with High-Value Industrial Fatty Acids......Page 62 References......Page 65 3.1 Introduction......Page 73 3.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 74 3.3 Varietal Groups......Page 77 3.4 Genetic Resources......Page 78 3.5 Major Breeding Accomplishments......Page 82 3.6.2 Fatty Acid Modification......Page 87 3.6.6 Trans-fat Reduction......Page 88 3.6.8 Increasing Nutraceuticals in Seed......Page 89 3.7.1 Gain from Selection......Page 90 3.7.3 Parent and Population Structure......Page 91 3.7.4 Advancing Toward Homozygosity......Page 93 3.7.6 Selection Among Pure Lines......Page 94 3.7.8 New Technology in Plant Breeding Operations......Page 95 3.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs......Page 96 3.8.2 Increased Saturates - Germplasm and Biotechnologies......Page 97 3.8.3 Increased Monounsaturates - Germplasm and Biotechnologies......Page 98 3.8.5 Increased Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids - Germplasm and Biotechnologies......Page 99 References......Page 100 4.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 107 4.4.1 Genetic Diversity in the Primary Gene Pool......Page 109 4.4.2 Expanding Genetic Variability by Interspecific Hybridisation......Page 111 4.5 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 114 4.6.1 Seed and Oil Yield Potential and Stability......Page 117 4.6.2 Improvement of Seed Components......Page 119 4.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques......Page 121 4.7.2 Hybrid Breeding and Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Systems......Page 122 4.8.1 Tissue Culture and Haploid Techniques......Page 125 4.8.2 Genetic Modification......Page 126 4.8.3.1 Genetic Maps and QTL Analysis......Page 127 4.8.3.3 Oil Content and Quality......Page 129 4.8.3.5 Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress......Page 130 4.8.3.7 Utilization of Synteny to Arabidopsis......Page 132 4.9 Seed Production......Page 133 References......Page 135 5.1 Introduction......Page 143 5.2.2 Brassica juncea......Page 144 5.3.1 Open Pollinated, Synthetic, and Hybrid Cultivars......Page 145 5.4 Genetic Resources......Page 146 5.5.1 Oil Quality......Page 147 5.6.1 Seed Yield and Adaptation......Page 148 5.6.4 Self-Compatibility......Page 149 5.6.7 Seed Meal Quality......Page 150 5.6.9 Insect Resistance......Page 151 5.7.1 Developing New Sources of Variation......Page 152 5.7.2 Breeding of Line and Population Cultivars......Page 153 5.7.3 Breeding of Hybrid Cultivars......Page 154 5.7.4.2 Techniques Used for Agronomic Evaluation......Page 155 5.8.1 Genetic Markers and Genetic Linkage Maps......Page 156 Oil Content and Quality......Page 158 Vernalization Requirements and Flowering Time......Page 159 5.8.3 Marker Assisted Selection......Page 160 5.9 Seed Production......Page 161 References......Page 162 6.1 Introduction......Page 170 6.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 171 6.3 Varietal Groups......Page 172 6.4 Genetic Resources......Page 174 6.4.1.2 Preservation of In Situ Resources......Page 175 6.4.1.4 Genetic Stock Collections......Page 176 6.4.2.2 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility......Page 177 6.4.2.3 Disease and Insect Resistance......Page 179 6.4.2.4 Oil and Protein Content and Quality......Page 181 6.5.2 Utilization of the Inbred-Hybrid Method......Page 182 6.5.3 Development of New Types of Oil......Page 183 6.6.2.1 Plant Height......Page 184 6.6.2.3 Flowering and Maturity Dates......Page 185 6.6.2.6 Oil, Protein and Fibre Contents......Page 186 6.6.2.7 Oil Quality......Page 187 6.6.2.8 Seed Meal Quality......Page 190 6.6.2.9 Disease Resistance......Page 191 6.6.2.10 Broomrape Resistance......Page 192 6.6.2.13 Resistance to Abiotic Stresses......Page 193 6.6.2.15 Nonoilseed Sunflower......Page 194 The Use of Existing Genetic Variation......Page 195 6.7.1.2 Methods for Improving Source Populations......Page 196 Mass Selection......Page 198 6.7.1.4 Methods for Improving Hybrid Cultivars......Page 199 6.7.1.5 Methods for Producing Hybrid Seed......Page 201 6.7.2.2 Techniques Used for Interspecific Hybridization......Page 202 6.7.2.3 Field Plot Techniques for Cultivar Evaluation......Page 203 6.7.2.5 Laboratory Techniques for Seed Quality Evaluation......Page 204 6.7.2.6 Techniques for Disease Resistance and Broomrape Evaluation......Page 205 6.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs......Page 206 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Markers......Page 207 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Markers......Page 210 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) or Microsatellites......Page 211 Markers Based on ESTs......Page 212 6.8.2.1 Germplasm Characterization......Page 213 Oil Content......Page 214 Fatty Acids......Page 215 Disease Resistance......Page 217 Male Sterility......Page 219 Resistance to Abiotic Stresses......Page 220 Marker Validation and Refinement......Page 221 MAS in Sunflower Breeding Programs......Page 223 6.8.3 Transgenic Breeding......Page 225 6.9 Seed Production......Page 226 6.9.1 Maintenance and Increase of Parental Lines......Page 227 6.9.2.2 Plant Population and Planting Methods......Page 228 6.9.2.5 Harvesting and Processing......Page 229 References......Page 230 7.1 Production and Utilization......Page 248 7.2 Origin and Taxonomy......Page 250 7.3 Variety Development......Page 251 7.4.3 Lodging Resistance......Page 256 7.4.4.1 Oil and Fatty Acid Composition......Page 257 7.4.4.2 Protein......Page 259 7.4.4.5 Anti-nutritionals......Page 260 7.4.4.7 Disease Resistance......Page 261 7.5 Germplasm Sources......Page 262 7.6.1 Selection of Parents......Page 263 7.6.2 Methods of Combining Parents......Page 264 7.6.3.1 Pedigree......Page 265 7.6.3.2 Single Seed Descent......Page 266 7.6.3.5 Doubled Haploids......Page 267 References......Page 268 8.1 Introduction......Page 271 8.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 272 8.2.1 Taxonomy......Page 273 8.2.2 Domestication......Page 275 8.3 Varietal Groups......Page 277 8.4 Genetic Resources......Page 278 8.5.1 Host Plant Resistance......Page 281 8.5.2 Abiotic Stress Tolerance......Page 282 8.5.3 Agronomic Adaptation......Page 283 8.5.4 Fiber Quality......Page 284 8.6.1 USDA......Page 285 8.6.2 State Universities......Page 286 8.6.3 Private Companies......Page 287 8.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques......Page 289 8.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs......Page 291 8.9 Seed Production......Page 293 References......Page 294 9.1 Introduction......Page 300 9.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 302 9.3.1 Market Types in the United States......Page 305 9.4 Genetic Resources......Page 306 9.5 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 307 9.5.2 High Oleic Acid Content......Page 308 9.5.3 Resistance to Leaf Spots, Root-Knot Nematode, and Spotted Wilt......Page 309 9.6.1 Goals for the Farmer......Page 311 9.6.2 Goals for the Seed Producer/Sheller......Page 312 9.6.3 Goals for the Manufacturer and Consumer......Page 313 9.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques......Page 314 9.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies into Breeding Programs......Page 315 9.8.1 Marker Development in Peanut......Page 316 9.8.2 Molecular Maps of Peanut......Page 317 9.8.3 Gene Sequencing in Arachis......Page 318 9.8.5 Peanut Transformation......Page 319 References......Page 320 10.1 Introduction......Page 329 10.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 330 10.4 Genetic Resources......Page 331 10.5.1 Fatty Acid Composition......Page 332 10.5.2 Castor Toxins......Page 333 10.5.5 Quantitative Traits......Page 335 10.6.2 Individual Plant Selection with Progeny Tests......Page 338 10.6.3.2 Bulk Method......Page 339 10.7 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs......Page 340 References......Page 341 11.1 Introduction......Page 345 11.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 346 11.3 Varietal Groups......Page 347 11.4 Genetic Resources......Page 349 11.5.1 Tenera Hybrid Improvement......Page 350 11.5.3 Improvement in Other Traits......Page 351 11.6 Current Goals of Breeding......Page 352 11.6.1 Oil Yield......Page 353 11.7.1 Breeding Methods......Page 355 11.7.2 Breeding Techniques......Page 359 11.7.3.2 Field Experimentation......Page 360 11.8.1 Tissue Culture for Clonal Propagation of Oil Palm......Page 362 11.8.2 Tissue Culture Process......Page 363 11.8.3 Commercial Planting of Oil Palm Clones......Page 366 11.8.5 Molecular Breeding......Page 367 11.9 Commercial Seed Processing......Page 370 11.10 Oil Palm Seed Market......Page 371 References......Page 372 12.1 Introduction......Page 380 12.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 381 12.3 Varietal Groups......Page 383 12.4 Genetic Resources......Page 386 12.5 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 388 12.6 Current Goals of Breeding......Page 391 12.7 Breeding Methods and Techniques......Page 392 12.8.1 Genetic Diversity Analysis......Page 395 12.8.2 Genetic Relatedness......Page 396 12.8.5 Linkage Mapping and QTL Identification......Page 399 12.8.6 Synteny Studies......Page 400 12.9 Seed Production......Page 401 References......Page 402 13.1.2 Major Problems of Olive Cultivation......Page 408 13.1.3 Types of Olive Oil and Characteristics......Page 410 13.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 412 13.3.1 Cultivated Olive Germplasm......Page 413 13.3.3 Identification of Olive Cultivars......Page 414 13.4.2 Natural Diversity of Olive......Page 415 13.4.3 Wild Olives......Page 416 13.5 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 418 13.7.1 Classical Breeding......Page 420 13.7.4 Breeding by Intervarietal Crossing......Page 421 13.7.5 Marker Assisted Breeding......Page 422 13.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programmes......Page 423 13.8.2 Genetic Manipulation......Page 424 13.8.3 Other In Vitro Technologies......Page 425 References......Page 426 14.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 433 14.3 Species Groupings Related to Breeding of Cultivated Safflower......Page 434 14.4 Genetic Resources......Page 436 14.5 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 439 14.6 Current Goals of Breeding......Page 440 14.7.1 Crossing Techniques......Page 443 14.7.2.3 Backcross Breeding......Page 447 USA......Page 448 India......Page 449 14.8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs......Page 450 14.9 Seed Production......Page 452 References......Page 454 15.1 Introduction......Page 458 15.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 460 15.3 Genetic Resources and Varietal Groups......Page 461 15.4 Current Goals of Breeding......Page 464 15.5.1 Biological and Genetic Characteristics......Page 466 15.5.2 Breeding Methods......Page 469 15.6 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programmes......Page 470 15.7.1 Industrial Cultivars for Alkaloid Production......Page 471 15.7.2 Culinary Cultivars for Poppy Seed and Oil......Page 472 References......Page 473 16.1.1 Use of Hull-Less Pumpkin Seed As a Food Crop......Page 478 16.1.2 Origin of the Hull-Less Seeded Phenotype in Pumpkin......Page 479 16.2 Nutritionally Relevant Components of Pumpkin Seeds......Page 480 16.2.1 Antioxidant Activity of Pumpkin Seed Oil......Page 483 16.3 Genetics of the Hull-Less Seed Character......Page 484 16.4 Current Goals of Oil Seed Pumpkin Breeding......Page 489 16.4.2 Components of Yield......Page 490 16.4.3 Seed Size and Seed Number......Page 492 16.4.4 Bush Growth Habit......Page 493 16.4.5.1 Resistance to Fruit Rots......Page 495 16.4.6 Expanding the Genetic Base in Oil Seed Pumpkins......Page 496 16.5 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs......Page 497 References......Page 498 17.2 Maize Kernel Structure and Composition......Page 502 17.3.1 Germplasm......Page 503 17.3.2 Heterosis and the Inbred/Hybrid Concept......Page 505 17.3.3 Inbred Line Development......Page 506 17.3.4 Hybrid Development......Page 507 17.5 The Illinois High-Oil/Low-Oil Long-Term Selection Experiment......Page 508 17.6 Other Breeding Programs for High-Oil......Page 510 17.6.2 Commercial Breeding Activities for High-Oil......Page 511 References......Page 512 18.2 Origin and Domestication......Page 516 18.3 Genetic Resources......Page 518 18.4 Major Breeding Achievements......Page 519 18.5.1 Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile......Page 520 18.5.4 Autofertility......Page 521 18.6 Breeding Methods and Techniques......Page 522 References......Page 523 19.1 Introduction......Page 526 19.2 Domestication and Breeding History......Page 527 19.2.1 Oil Crop Breeding......Page 528 19.3 Genetic Resources......Page 529 19.4.1 ‘PSR23’ Cuphea......Page 530 19.4.2 Commercialization......Page 532 19.5.1 Lauric Acid Accumulation......Page 533 19.5.2 Insect Resistance......Page 535 19.5.3 Anthocyanin Mutants......Page 536 References......Page 538 Index......Page 543