Musical Applications of Microprocessors (The Hayden microcomputer series)

Description

This very thorough study devotes chapters to music synthesis principles, sound modification methods, voltage-control methods, direct computer synthesis methods, microprocessors, basic analog modules, digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters, signal routing, organ keyboard interface, other input methods, control sequence display and editing, digital-to-anaog and analog-to-digital conversion of audio, digital tone generation techniques, digital filtering, percussive sound generation, source-signal analysis, digital hardware, and music synthesis software. A bibliography and index round out the volume, which is a must-have resource for anyone working in this field. FRONT_COVER Preface Contents Section I Background 1 Music Synthesis Principles Goals of Music Synthesis Wider Variety of Sounds Performance by the Composer Increased Precision Increased Complexity Increased Spontaneity The Fundamental Parameters of Sound Typical Sound Waveforms The Frequency Parameter Musical Pitch The Amplitude Parameter Frequency and Amplitude Interaction The Mathematical Sine Shape The Mechanical Sine Shape Complex Wavefarms Human Ear Interpretation of Waveshape Nonrepeating Wavefonns Parameter Variation Frequency Variation Amplitude Variation Spectrum Variation Simultaneous Sounds History of Electronic Sound Synthesis The Telehannonium Soundtrack Art The Tape Recorder RCA Mark II Synthesizer Direct Computer Synthesis Voltage-ControUed Synthesizers Microprocessors 2 Sound Modification Methods Sound on Tape Rearrangement Speed Transposition Tape Reverberation Multitrack Recorders Electronic Sound Modification Nonlinear Amplifiers Filters Vanable Filters Spectrum Shifters Envelope Modifiers Electronic Reverberation Chorus Synthesizers Analysis-Synthesis Methods Envelope Tracking Pitch Tracking Spectrum Tracking Use ofAnalysis Results 3 Voltage Control Methods Typical Module Characteristics General Module Types Interconnections A Simple Patch Signal Levels in the Synthesizer Frequency-Control Relation Exponential Relation Amplitide Relation Standard Voltage Levels Some Typical Modules Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Voltage-Controlled Amplifier Voltage-Controlled Filter Clippers Envelope Generators Music Keyboard Other Modules Sequencer Sample-and-Hold Module White Noise Generator Specialized Modifiers A Typical Patch Frequency Modulation Terminology Effect of Deep Frequency Modulation Patch for Dynamic Depth FM 4 Direct Computer Synthesis Methods Limitations of Voltage Control Simultaneous Sounds Programmability Direct Computer Synthesis Problems Overcoming the Problems Proof of Fidelity Setting the Sample Rate Any Sound Can Be Synthesized Signal-to-Noise Ratio A Typical Direct ComputerSynthesis Installation Minimum System Storage of Samples Computation of Sound Waveforms Sin and Other Built-in Functions Fourier Series Simultaneous Sounds Updating of Parameters Table Lookup Hardware Aids Digital Sound Modification Music Programming Systemsand Languages Tightly Structured System Maximum Flexibility System Loosely Structured Systems 5 Microprocessors Microprocessor Terminology Brief History of Microprocessors The First True Microprocessor The First Popular Microprocessor The Dawn ofPersonal Computing The Altair 8800 Microcomputer The First Wave The Second Wave More Microprocessor Advancements Memory Advances The Third Wave Microcomputer Peripheral Devices Main Memory Mass Storage Floppy Disk Winchester Disk Text Keyboard CRT Display Printers and Plotters Miscellaneous Devices Microcomputer Software System Monitor Text Editor Assembler High-Level Language Example Microprocessor Descriptions The 6502 for Logic Replacement and Low Cost Bus Structure and Timing Interrupts Registers Addressing Modes Interfacing Tricks The 68000 for General Purpose and High Performance Bus Structure and Timing Interrupts Registers Addressing Modes Instruction Set Speed Software Section II Computer Controlled Analog Synthesis 6 Basic Analog Modules Analog System Standards Signal and Control Voltages Mechanical Considerations Analog Components Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Fundamental Types Exponential Converter Compensating Temperature Drift Linear Control Input Input Processor Sawtooth Oscillator Waveshapers Practical Schematic Adjustment Voltage-Controned Amplifier Controlled Gain Block Transconductance Gain Block Operational Transconductance Amplifier Application of the 3080 OTA Exponential Gain Control Improving Linearity Gilbert Multiplier VCA Using the 2020 Voltage-Controlled Filter Variable Gain Tunes a Filter Voltage-Tunable Bandpass Filter Practical State Variable Filter Controlling Q Quad Voltage-Controlled Integrator IC 7 Digital-to-Analog Analog-to-Digital Converters Data Conversion Terminology Resolution Linearity Accuracy Settling Time DAC Techniques Duty-Cycle Modulation Resistor String DAC Resistive Divider Speed R-2R Ladder Segmented DAC Exponential DAC Circuits Analog Switches for DACs Bipolar Transistor Switch Junction FET Switch MOSFET Switch Current-to-Voltage Conversion Some Commercial DACs 1408 and DAC-08 Type for 8 Bits Number Coding 7530 Type for 10 Bits Higher-Resolution Units Multiplexing DACs Analog Multiplexors Hold Capacitors Channel Output Amplifier Refresh Logic An Intelligent DAC? Analog-to-Digital Converters Single-Shot Method Dual-Slope Method Linear Search and Tracking ADC Successive Approximation Search Successive Approximation Logic Sample and Hold Multiplexing ADCs 8 Signal Routing Manually Patched Computer-Controlled System Synthesizer Requirements Control Computer Requirements Computer Inteiface Box Automatically PatchedComputer-Controlled System Matrix Reduction by Point Elimination Reduction by Subgroup Organization Reduction Example Mechanical Relays Semiconductor Analog Switches Fixed-Patched Computer-Controlled System Voice Module Design Increasing Flexibility Direct Digital Interface Audio Bus 9 Organ Keyboard Interface Adapting a Standard Synthesizer Keyboard for Computer Input Gate and Trigger Computer Interface Polyphonic Keyboards Two-Note Keyboard Ultimate Limitations A Microprocessor-Based Keyboard Interface Velocity Sensing Keyboard Events Hardware Configuration Software Functions Software Flowchart Program Description MIDI Improvements 10 Other lnput Methods Manual Input Devices Ribbon Controller Joysticks Graphic Digitizer Modified Musical Instruments Algorithmic Input Sample-and-Hold Module Statistics Controlling Randomness More Sophisticated Techniques Analog Feedback Techniques Digital Feedback Techniques The Muse 11 Control Sequence Display and Editing Types of Display Devices Graphic Display Classifications A Simple Vector Display Display List Interpreter Keeping the Image Refreshed Vector Generator Circuit Raster Scan Displays Display Buffer Bit-Mapped Display Interfaces Color Editing the Display List Applications of Graphic Displays in Music Graphic Input Techniques Composition by Editing Editing Functions Noncontinuous Curves Section III Digital Synthesis and Sound Modlification 12 Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital Conversion of Audio Increasing Dynamic Range Brute Force Sign-Magnitude Coding Segmented DAC Floating-Point DACs Exponential DACs Which Is Best? Reducing Distortion Low-Glitch DAC Circuits Sample-and-Hold Deglitcher Slew-Limiting Distortion Track-and-Ground Circuit Low-Pass Filter Low-Pass Filter Model Actual Filter Requirements Sharp Low-Pass Filter Design ltertttive R-C Low-Pass Filter BuuenvQrth Response Chebyshev Response Elliptical Response Phase Shift Finite Sample Width Compensation Building a Chebyshev Filter Building an Elliptical Filter Digital Anti-Alias Filters A Complete Audio DAC Audio Digitizing A 12-Bit Audio A-to-D Converter 13 Digital Tone GenerationTechniques Direct Waveform Computation Digital Sawtooth Oscillator Improving Frequency Resolution Other Waveforms Linear Interpolation Alias Distortion Table Lookup Method Controlling Frequency Table Size Filling the Table Table Filling by Fourier Series Dynamic Timbre Variation Fourier Transformation Characteristics of the Discrete Fourier Transform Slow Fourie,. Transform Fast Fourier Transform Redundancy Complex Arithmetic The FFT Algorithm An FFT Subroutine in BASIC Modification for Real Data Using the FFT for Synthesis The Phase-Derivative Spectrum Other Digital Tone Generation Techniques FM Synthesis "VOSIM" Waveshaping Which Is Best? 14 Digital Filtering Digital Equivalents of Analog Filters Digital R-C Low-Pass Filter Signal Flow Graphs State-Variable Digital Filter Tuning Relationships Multiple Feedback Digital Filters All-Pass Digital Filter Digital Notch Filters Filters with an Arbitrary Response Implementation Reverberation Simulation A Practical Filter forConcert Hall Reverberation Chorus Effect Interpolation Interpolation Filters The Table Method of Interpolation 15 Percussive Sound Generation Types of Percussive Sounds Damped Sine Wave Generation A "Perfect" Digital Oscillator Digital Noise Generation Linear Congruential Method Shift Register Method Using the Random Numbers Type 3 Percussive Sounds Nonlinear Vibrator Simulation 16 Source-Signal Analysis Spectrum Analysis Plotting Methods Time-Frequency Resolution Data Representation Filtering Methods of Spectral Analysis A Digital Filterbank Spectrum Analyzer Improving the Analyzer Spectrum Analysis Using the FFT Equivalent Bandpass Filter Some Example Windows Performing the Analysis Spectral Processing Direct Spectral Modification Resynthesis Parameter Extraction Frequency Analysis Spectral Shape Anal)'sis Linear Prediction Homomorphic Analysis Pitch Measurement Time-Domain Methods Autocorrelation Frequency-Domain Methods 17 Digital Hardware Analog Module Replacement Simple Digital Oscillator Module Divide-by-N Frequency Generator Rate Multiplier Accumulator Divider Phase-Locked Loop Which is Best? Waveshaping the Oscillator Output Variable and Constant Sample Rate Multiplexed Digital Oscillator Hardware Structure Timing Inteifacing to the Control Computer Fourier Series Tone Generator Hardware Structure Amplitude Multiplier An Intelligent Oscillator? Modular Digital Synthesizer A Hard-Wired Digital Synthesizer Signal-Processing Computer Digital Voice-Per-Board System A Hybrid Voice Module 18 Music Synthesis Software Organization of Music Software Systems Implementation of the Levels High-Level Languages Low-Level Programming Techniques Properties of Binary Arithmetic Addition and Subtraction Multiplication Division Required Arithmetic Instructions A Fixed-Point Arithmetic Package for the 6502 Example Programs NOTRAN Music System Level 1 Routines Level 2 Generator Routines Level 2 Sequencing Routine NOTRAN Language VOICE Statement PRCUS Statement Control Statements Note Statements Sequencing and Overlap Level 3 Routines Level 0 Routines Sample Storage Devices Playback Program The Author's Delayed-Playback Installation Section IV Product Applications and the Future 19 Some Real Applications Synthesizers in the Real World Live Performance Synthesizers Studio Synthesizers Research Synthesizers Music Education The Synthesizer Industry Hybrid Keyboard Synthesizers A Typical Hybrid Synthesizer The Rhodes Chroma Dual-Channel Voice Board Microprocessor Controller D-to-A Converter External Computer Interface Keyboard Scanner Control Program and Panel Function All-Digital Synthesizers Synthesis from Sound Parameters Reconstruction of Digital Recordings "Toolbox" Synthesizers Direct Computer Synthesis Practice Real.Time Direct Synthesis Delayed Playback Direct Synthesis 20 Low-Cost SynthesisTechniques Applications of Low-Cost Synthesis Techniques for Low-Cost Synthesis Interface Chip Timers Timed Program Loops Simplified Direct Synthesis Sound Generator ICs Low-Cost Synthesis Products "Toy" Keyboard Instruments Personal Computers 21 The Future The Music Technology Development Cycle Major Trends in Electronic Teclmology Memory Cost and Capacity Microprocessor Power Custom Integrated Circuits Innovations in Packaging Increasing Knowledge Base The Predictions Bibliography Books Papers Periodicals and Organizations Acronyms Index A - B B - D D - F F - L L - M M - P P - S S - W Appendix Hal Chamberlin web Interview January 30, 2002 BACK_COVER