Climate Governance and Federalism: A Forum of Federations Comparative Policy Analysis

Description

The majority of the world's largest carbon emitters are either federations or have adopted systems of decentralised governance. The realisation of the world's climate mitigation objectives therefore depends in large part on whether and how governments within federal systems can cooperate to reduce carbon emissions and catalyse the emergence of low-carbon societies. This volume brings together leading experts to explore whether federal or decentralised systems help or hinder efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change. It reviews the opportunities and challenges federalism offers for the development and implementation of climate mitigation and adaption policies and identifies the conditions that influence the outcomes of climate governance. Including in-depth case studies of 14 different jurisdictions, this is an essential resource for academics, policymakers and practitioners interested in climate governance, and the best practices for enhancing climate action. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core. Cover Half-title Title page Copyright information Contents List of Figures List of Tables Notes on Editors and Contributors Foreword Acknowledgements 1 Climate Governance and Federalism: An Introduction 1.1 The Challenges of Climate Change Governance 1.2 The Intersection of Federalism and Climate Governance 1.2.1 Cutting Both Ways 1.2.2 Federalism as Facilitator 1.2.3 Federalism as Hindrance 1.3 Varieties of Federalism and Other Variables 1.3.1 Varieties of Federalism 1.3.2 Societal and Economic Factors 1.4 Looking Ahead Notes References 2 Climate Governance and Federalism in Australia 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Australian Conundrum 2.2.1 Contributions 2.2.2 Consequences 2.2.3 International Commitments 2.3 Climate Governance and the Federal System 2.3.1 The Division of Powers in Theory and Practice 2.3.2 Climate Change Governance and the Division of Powers 2.3.3 Cooperative Federalism in Australia 2.4 Climate Change Politics and Policy in Australian Federalism 2.4.1 Ideology and Partisanship 2.4.2 Regional Variation 2.4.3 Stasis: The Commonwealth 2.4.4 Enter the States 2.4.4.1 Individual State Action 2.4.4.2 Collective State Action 2.4.5 Commonwealth Takes the Lead: The Carbon Tax 2.4.6 Axing the Tax 2.4.7 Back to the States 2.5 Analysis and Assessment 2.5.1 Federalism as Facilitator of Climate-Change Governance 2.5.2 Federalism as Hindrance 2.6 Conclusion Notes References 3 Climate Governance and Federalism in Brazil 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Practice of Federalism in Brazil 3.3 Climate Change in Brazil 3.3.1 Contributions to Climate Change and Its Impacts 3.4 Climate Change and Federalism in Brazil 3.4.1 Climate Change Commitments 3.4.2 Climate Change at State Level 3.4.3 Climate Change at Municipal Level 3.4.4 Climate Change Policy Construction Process 3.5 Climate Policy and Federalism in Brazil: The Role of the Subnational Level 3.5.1 The Favourable Context for Decentralized Policymaking 3.5.2 The Scope for Experimental Policymaking and Associated Learning 3.6 Conclusion Notes References 4 Climate Governance and Federalism in Canada 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Climate Change in Canada 4.2.1 Varieties of Climate Federalism 4.2.2 The 'Joint Decision Trap' 4.2.3 Leaders without Followers 4.2.4 The Federal Backstop 4.3 Carbon Pricing in the Canadian Federation 4.3.1 Federal Retreat, Provincial Laboratories of Democracy 4.3.2 The Pan-Canadian Framework 4.3.3 The Federal Backstop 4.3.4 A Pan-Canadian Patchwork 4.4 Conclusion Notes References 5 Climate Governance and Quasi-Federalism in China 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Climate Change in China 5.3 Climate Change and Quasi-Federalism in China 5.3.1 China's Quasi-Federalism: Structures and Division of Powers 5.3.2 How the Quasi-Federalist System Works 5.3.3 Mechanisms of China's Quasi-Federalism 5.3.3.1 Target-Responsibility System 5.3.3.2 Inclusion of Environmental Performance in Local Officials' Promotion 5.3.3.3 Fiscal Incentives 5.3.3.4 Central Inspection System for Ecological and Environmental Protection 5.3.3.5 Public Participation 5.4 Case Study 5.4.1 An Analytical Framework 5.4.2 Case of Climate Mitigation: Pilot Low-Carbon City Initiative 5.4.2.1 Agenda Setting 5.4.2.2 Formulation and Adoption of Low-Carbon Policy 5.4.2.3 Implementation 5.4.2.4 Supervision and Evaluation 5.5 Conclusion Notes References 6 Climate Governance and Federalism in Ethiopia 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Trends, Patterns, and Impacts of Climate Change in Ethiopia: An Overview 6.2.1 Climate Change Trends and Patterns 6.2.2 Impact of Climate Change 6.3 Policy and Institutional Frameworks and Responses to Climate Change in Ethiopia 6.3.1 Policy and Institutional Framework 6.3.2 Responses to Climate Change 6.4 Climate Change Governance and Federalism in Ethiopia 6.4.1 Ethno-federalism in Ethiopia 6.4.2 Division of Power 6.5 Implication of Ethiopia's Ethnic-Based Federalism on Climate Change Governance 6.6 Conclusion References 7 Climate Governance and Federalism in the European Union 7.1 Introduction 7.2 EU Climate Change Commitments, GHG Emissions, and Climate Impact 7.3 Climate Governance in the Context of an Evolving EU Integration Process 7.3.1 The Quasi-federal Nature of the EU 7.3.2 Architecture of the EU 7.3.3 Climate Change and the EU Division of Powers 7.4 EU Climate Mitigation as a Product of Federal Dynamics and Variables 7.4.1 The EU as an 'Opportunity Structure' for Policy Innovation, Diffusion, and Interactive Learning 7.4.2 The 'Competitive Cooperation' between the Council and the Commission 7.4.3 Multilevel Reinforcing Mechanisms: Linking the EU and Regional/Local Governments and Communities 7.5 Adaptation Action in the EU 7.5.1 The EU Initiative and Financial Assistance as Key Factors to Catalyse Adaptation Action in Member States 7.5.2 Adaptation as a Cross-Cutting Policy Area across Multiple Scales: Progress and Challenges 7.6 Conclusion Notes References 8 Climate Governance and Federalism in Germany 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Climate Change in Germany 8.3 Climate Change and Federalism in Germany 8.3.1 The Division of Powers in German Federalism 8.3.2 The Role of the Länder in Implementing Federal Law 8.3.3 Integrated and Cooperative Federalism 8.3.4 Energy Mixes and Climate Governance in the German Länder 8.3.5 Coal States 8.3.6 Nuclear/Solar Energy States 8.3.7 Wind States 8.3.8 Energy Importer States 8.3.9 City-States 8.4 Discussion 8.5 Conclusion Notes References 9 Climate Governance and Federalism in India 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Climate Change and India 9.3 India's Top-Heavy Federalism 9.4 Emergent Climate Corrections to Top-Heavy Federalism 9.4.1 Federal Finance Flows 9.4.1.1 Environmental Focus in Finance Commissions 9.4.1.2 Central Schemes in Climate-Relevant Sectors 9.4.1.3 Federal Financial Experiments 9.4.2 Central Frameworks and Capacity 9.4.2.1 Central Frameworks for State Climate Policies 9.4.2.2 The Centre's Influence on Capacity 9.4.3 Political Translation in the States 9.4.3.1 Experiments with Co-benefits 9.4.3.2 Vertical Diffusion and Institutional Innovation 9.5 Conclusion Notes References 10 Climate Governance and Decentralization in Indonesia 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Climate Change and Land Use Emissions in Indonesia 10.2.1 Climate Change Mitigation Commitments in the Land Use Sector 10.3 Changing Features of Decentralization in Indonesia: From Decentralization to Recentralization 10.4 Climate Governance in the Context of Decentralization 10.4.1 Central Government Climate Change Architecture in the Land Use Sector 10.4.2 Provincial and District Level Climate Change Planning and Implementation 10.4.3 Decentralization and Perverse Land Use Incentives Undermining Forest-Based Mitigation 10.5 Decentralization, Forest-Based Mitigation, and Jurisdictional Approaches to Climate Change 10.5.1 REDD+ and the Rationale for Jurisdictional Approaches 10.5.2 Jurisdictional REDD+ in Indonesia 10.5.3 The Scramble for Control Over the REDD+ Policy Mandate at National Level 10.5.4 The Governor's Climate and Forests Task Force and Jurisdictional REDD+ 10.5.5 Provincial Governments' Visions on Climate and Forest 10.5.6 Relations between the National and Provincial Governments 10.6 Conclusion Notes References 11 Climate Governance and Federalism in Mexico 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Background and Context 11.2.1 Contributions to Climate Change 11.2.2 Impact of Climate Change in Mexico 11.2.3 Commitments in Relation to Climate Change 11.2.3.1 Nationally Determined Contribution Commitments 11.3 Federalism and Climate Change Policy 11.3.1 Introduction to the Mexican Federal System 11.3.2 Climate Policy and Federal Governance 11.3.3 Laws, Policies, Institutions, and Initiatives Developed for Climate Mitigation and Adaptation 11.3.3.1 Legal Framework 11.3.3.2 Planning Instruments 11.3.3.3 Institutional Arrangements 11.3.3.4 State Climate Policy 11.4 Federal Governance and Climate Change: The Case of Yucatan 11.4.1 Flexibility, Experimentation, and Innovation 11.4.1.1 State Perspective: State of Yucatan 11.4.1.2 Regional Perspective: Peninsula of Yucatan Agenda 11.4.1.3 Local Perspective: Puuc Inter-Municipal Biocultural Board, Intermunicipal Decentralised Public Agency (JIBIOPUUC) 11.5 Conclusion Notes References 12 Climate Governance and Federalism in South Africa 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Climate Change in South Africa 12.2.1 Challenges, Contributions and Impact 12.2.2 Climate Change Commitments 12.3 Federalism in South Africa 12.3.1 Introduction and Historical Context 12.3.2 The Distribution of Power 12.4 Climate Change and the Practice of Federalism in South Africa 12.4.1 Climate Policy and South Africa's Quasi-federal System 12.4.2 A Fragmented Law and Policy Framework 12.4.2.1 Legislative and Policy Developments at National Level 12.4.2.2 Policy Development at Provincial and Municipal Level 12.4.2.3 Does the Division of Powers Support Subnational Climate Action? 12.4.2.4 Institutional Actors, Support and Monitoring, and Evaluation 12.4.3 Intergovernmental Coordination and Planning 12.4.3.1 Intergovernmental Relations 12.4.3.2 Intergovernmental Forums 12.4.3.3 Integrated Development Planning 12.5 Opportunities for Greater Climate Change Resilience 12.5.1 Provincial Government 12.5.2 Local Government 12.6 Conclusion References 13 Climate Governance and Federalism in Spain 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Climate Change in Spain 13.2.1 Climate Change Challenges 13.2.2 Spain's GHG Emission Profile 13.2.3 Spanish International Commitment on Climate Change 13.2.4 Climate Objectives in Climate Law and Policies in Spain 13.3 Climate Governance and Federalism 13.3.1 The State of Autonomies and Climate Governance 13.3.2 The Institutional Framework and Intergovernmental Relations 13.3.3 Fiscal Federalism and Climate Governance 13.4 Federal Governance and Climate Change 13.4.1 The Central Government 13.4.2 The Autonomous Communities (ACs) 13.4.3 The Local Level 13.5 Conclusions Notes References 14 Climate Governance and Federalism in Switzerland 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Climate Change in Switzerland 14.3 Climate Policy in the Swiss Confederation 14.3.1 Swiss Federalism in a Nutshell 14.3.2 Swiss Climate Policy in the Federal Context 14.3.2.1 Mitigation 14.3.2.2 Adaptation 14.4 Janus-Faced Swiss Federalism? Cantonal Adaptation and Municipal Mitigation 14.4.1 Subnational Diversity in Climate Change Adaptation 14.4.2 Climate Change Mitigation at the Municipal Level 14.4.3 Synthesis of the Two Case Studies 14.5 Conclusions: Enhancing Intercantonal Coordination Notes References 15 Climate Governance and Federalism in the United States 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Climate Change in the United States 15.2.1 Contributions to Climate Change and Its Impacts 15.2.2 Commitment Relating to Climate Change 15.3 Climate Change and Federalism in the United States 15.3.1 General Practice of American Federalism 15.3.1.1 Division of Responsibilities 15.3.1.2 Contentiousness 15.3.2 Climate Governance in the American Federal System 15.3.2.1 Constitutional Climate Authority 15.3.2.2 Respective Policy Development and Implementation Roles 15.3.2.3 State Inclusion within NDCs 15.4 Case Study of American Climate Governance 15.4.1 State Climate Change Action 15.4.2 Adoption versus Implementation, and Policy Evolution 15.4.3 Factors Facilitating or Hindering State Actions 15.4.3.1 Constitutional or Devolved Authority of States 15.4.3.2 State Capacity 15.4.3.3 State Paradiplomacy Engagement 15.4.3.4 State Incentive for Taking Climate Action 15.4.4 State Compensatory or Pre-emptive Action 15.4.5 State Attention to Local Expertise and Circumstances 15.4.6 Horizontal and Vertical Convergence and Divergence 15.4.7 Climate Governance Conflict and Cooperation 15.4.8 Coercion, Collaboration, Competition, and Emulation in Climate Policy 15.4.9 Policy Divergence or Convergence and Dynamics of Conflict and Cooperation 15.5 Conclusion References 16 Reflections on Climate Governance and Federalism 16.1 Federalism as Facilitator 16.1.1 Locally-Tailored Policymaking 16.1.2 Compensatory Federalism 16.1.3 Laboratory Federalism 16.2 Federalism as Hindrance 16.2.1 Veto Points 16.2.2 Policy Patchwork 16.2.3 The Collective Action Problem 16.3 Conclusion References Index