Introductory Geographic Information Systems (Prentice Hall Series in Geographic Information Science)

Description

Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 5 Copyright Page......Page 6 CONTENTS......Page 8 PREFACE......Page 22 ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 27 What Are Spatial Data?......Page 31 Discrete Geographic Features......Page 34 Raster Data Structure......Page 36 Spatial Data Infrastructures......Page 37 Formal and Informal Definitions of GIS......Page 38 Misconceptions about GIS......Page 40 Misconception: A GIS Is Simply a Software Package without Theoretical Foundation......Page 41 GIS Software......Page 42 GIS Data......Page 46 GIS Data Acquisition Industry......Page 47 Careers in GIS......Page 48 Investing in GIS......Page 49 Review Questions......Page 50 Glossary......Page 51 References......Page 52 Ellipsoids......Page 55 Horizontal Datums......Page 57 Vertical Datums......Page 58 Latitude and Longitude......Page 59 The Globe......Page 62 Map Projections......Page 63 Developable Surfaces Used in Map Projections......Page 65 Cylindrical Map Projections......Page 66 Azimuthal (Planar) Map Projections......Page 70 Conical Map Projections......Page 72 Other Projections and Coordinate Systems......Page 75 Custom Map Projections......Page 77 Tissot's Indicatrix......Page 78 Review Questions......Page 80 References......Page 82 Global Positioning System (GPS)......Page 85 In Situ Land Surveying......Page 92 In Situ Data Sampling or the Taking of a Census......Page 97 Digitization of Historical Spatial Information......Page 100 Remote Sensing Data Collection......Page 106 Resolution Considerations......Page 107 Aerial Photography......Page 113 Multispectral Remote Sensing......Page 115 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing......Page 119 Thermal-infrared Remote Sensing......Page 121 LiDAR Remote Sensing......Page 124 RADAR Remote Sensing......Page 129 Review Questions......Page 133 Glossary......Page 134 References......Page 135 Elements of Metadata......Page 137 Accuracy and Precision......Page 138 Attribute Error......Page 140 Positional Error......Page 145 Error Visualization......Page 147 Ecological Fallacy......Page 148 Summary......Page 149 Review Questions......Page 150 Glossary......Page 151 References......Page 152 Points......Page 155 Areas (Polygons)......Page 156 Scale Considerations......Page 157 Topology......Page 158 Georelational Vector Model......Page 160 Object-Based Vector Model......Page 162 Raster Georeferencing......Page 164 Vector and Raster Data Model Conversion......Page 165 Raster-to-Vector Conversion......Page 166 Relational Databases......Page 169 Different Database Relationships......Page 170 Types of Attribute Data......Page 171 Adding and Deleting Attribute Fields......Page 172 Selection by Attribute......Page 173 Combinations of Data Queries......Page 174 New Data Layers......Page 175 Glossary......Page 176 References......Page 177 Buffering Using Vector Data......Page 179 Types of Buffering......Page 183 Overlay Using Vector Data......Page 185 Raster Distance Measurement Operations......Page 195 Local Raster Operations......Page 198 Neighborhood Raster Operations......Page 210 Zonal Operations......Page 219 Review Questions......Page 221 Glossary......Page 222 References......Page 223 Overview......Page 225 Geocoding......Page 226 Geocoding Components......Page 227 Address Matching......Page 228 Transportation (Undirected) Network Analysis......Page 230 Building a Topologically Correct Transportation (Undirected) Network Geodatabase......Page 231 Network Analysis Problem: What Is the Optimum Route (Shortest Path)?......Page 233 Network Analysis Problem: Traveling Salesperson Optimum Route......Page 237 Network Analysis Problem: Where Is the Closest Facility?......Page 238 Network Analysis Problem: What Is the Service Area of a Particular Facility?......Page 239 Network Analysis Problem: Location-Allocation Modeling for Facility Location......Page 243 Network Analysis Problem: Maximize Market Share......Page 248 Building a Topologically Correct Geometric Utility (Directed) Database......Page 252 Network Analysis Problem: Tracing Edges and Junctions Upstream or Downstream in a Utility Network......Page 256 Network Analysis Problem: Using Barriers in a Utility Network......Page 258 Review Questions......Page 259 Glossary......Page 260 References......Page 261 Linear Distance Measurement Based on the Pythagorean Theorem......Page 263 Manhattan Distance Measurement......Page 265 Polygon Perimeter and Area Measurements......Page 266 Perimeter Measurement......Page 267 Polygon Area Measurement......Page 268 Descriptive Statistics......Page 270 Mean Center......Page 273 Spatial Autocorrelation......Page 274 Moran’s I......Page 275 Quadrat Analysis......Page 277 Nearest-Neighbor Point Analysis......Page 279 Review Questions......Page 282 Glossary......Page 283 References......Page 284 Overview......Page 287 Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) Data Structure......Page 288 TIN Surface Processing......Page 289 Spatial Interpolation......Page 291 Surface Processing of Raster 3-Dimensional Data......Page 302 Review Questions......Page 306 Glossary......Page 307 References......Page 308 Are You a Geographer/Cartographer at Heart?......Page 309 Medieval T-in-O Maps......Page 310 Age of Exploration, Printing, and Atlases......Page 312 Modern Map-making......Page 314 The Cartographic Process......Page 315 Feature Type......Page 317 Geographic Measurement Level......Page 318 Typography......Page 320 Thematic Content and the Figure-Ground Relationship......Page 322 North Arrows and Compass Roses......Page 323 Scale Bar......Page 324 Geospatial Metadata......Page 325 Point Mapping Using Proportional or Graduated Symbols......Page 326 Standardized Point Symbols......Page 328 Mapping Linear Data......Page 329 Flow Mapping Using Graduated (Proportional) Line Symbolization......Page 330 Isarithmic Mapping......Page 331 Thematic Mapping of Spatial Data Constrained by Administrative Units: Choropleth Mapping......Page 336 Controlled Photomaps and Imagemaps......Page 343 Orthophotos, Orthophotomaps, Orthoimages, and Orthoimagemaps......Page 345 Review Questions......Page 347 Glossary......Page 348 References......Page 349 Type of Computer......Page 351 Memory (Read-Only and Random Access)......Page 352 Display......Page 353 GIS Data Storage and Archiving Considerations......Page 354 GIS Software Considerations......Page 355 GIS Software......Page 356 Data Capture and Data Formats......Page 358 GIS Software Support......Page 359 When Should You Program?......Page 361 Computer Programming Basics......Page 362 GIS Programming Integration......Page 364 Review Questions......Page 365 References......Page 367 GIS Careers in the Public and Private Sectors......Page 369 Association with Professional Organizations......Page 371 Knowledge about Other Mapping Sciences (Geotechnologies)......Page 373 GIS Certificates, Certification, and Licensure......Page 374 GIS Technical Considerations......Page 375 Cloud Computing and GIS......Page 376 Web-based GIS......Page 377 Mobile GIS......Page 378 Volunteered Geographic Information......Page 379 Three-Dimensional Visualization......Page 380 GIS Data Liability......Page 383 Fourth Amendment Privacy Considerations......Page 384 Advances in Data Collection Platforms......Page 386 Advances in Digital Image Processing......Page 387 Glossary......Page 388 References......Page 389 Table of Contents......Page 391 USGS EarthExplorer......Page 392 Geo.Data.gov......Page 393 U.S. Census Bureau......Page 394 OpenStreetMap......Page 395 Esri ArcGIS® Online......Page 396 Digital Elevation Data......Page 397 References......Page 398 D......Page 409 G......Page 410 L......Page 411 N......Page 412 P......Page 413 S......Page 414 W......Page 415 C......Page 419 D......Page 420 E......Page 421 G......Page 422 L......Page 423 M......Page 424 N......Page 425 P......Page 426 S......Page 427 U......Page 429 Z......Page 430