Analytical Nebulizers: Fundamentals and Applications

Description

Analytical Nebulizers: Fundamentals and Applications presents the fundamentals of analytical nebulizers, including types, aerosol generation, characterization, and design information of various classes of nebulizers such as nanonebulizers, multinebulizers, electrosprays, and ultrasonic nebulizers. The continuous development of new analytical techniques and materials make these technological approaches very interesting for those working in the industrial sector. In addition, although the book mainly focuses on the application of analytical nebulizers in analytical sciences, specifically in sample preparation, it is also useful to those in other disciplines (e.g. organic chemistry, catalysis, sensors, nanotechnology, biomedicine and nanomedicine, and environmental chemistry) where these nebulizers have great potential.Non-conventional applications of nebulizers such as aerosol-assisted synthesis nanoparticles and ultrasonic nebulization extraction are also presented. Cover Half Title Analytical Nebulizers: Fundamentals and Applications Copyright Contents Contributors Acknowledgments 1. An introduction to nebulizers 1.1 Analytical nebulizers 1.2 Types of analytical nebulizers 1.3 Analytical nebulizers for sample introduction 1.4 Analytical nebulizers beyond sample introduction 1.4.1 Aerosol-assisted nanomaterial synthesis procedures 1.4.2 Nebulizer-based detectors 1.5 What this book provides for the readers References 2. Types of nebulizers in plasma based techniques: How to choose an appropriate nebulizer 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of nebulizers for plasma-based techniques 2.2.1 Ultrasonic nebulizer 2.2.2 Pneumatic nebulizers 2.2.3 Cross-flow nebulizers 2.2.4 Concentric nebulizers 2.2.4.1 Routine or unchallenging samples 2.2.4.2 Samples containing high amounts of solids 2.2.4.3 Small volume of samples 2.2.5 How to choose? 2.3 Fundamentals 2.4 Applications and future perspectives References 3. Aerosol generation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fundamentals 3.2.1 Most commonly used analytical nebulizers 3.2.2 Aerosol generation mechanism 3.2.2.1 Pneumatic nebulizers 3.2.2.2 Ultrasonic nebulizers 3.2.2.3 Hydraulic nebulizers 3.2.2.4 Thermospray 3.2.2.5 Electrospray 3.3 Conclusions References 4. Aerosol characterization 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fundamentals 4.2.1 Droplet size and velocity distributions 4.2.2 Droplet size dispersion 4.2.3 Measurement of droplet size and velocity distributions 4.2.3.1 Mechanical methods 4.2.3.2 Optical methods 4.3 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 5. Nanonebulizers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Design and fundamentals 5.2.1 Nanonebulizers in atomic spectrometric detectors 5.2.2 Nanonebulizers as an ionization source 5.3 Applications 5.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 6. Multinebulizers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Design and fundamentals 6.2.1 Liquid solution pneumatic nebulization in multichannel systems 6.2.2 Liquid solution ultrasonic nebulization in multichannel systems 6.3 Applications 6.3.1 Vapor generation in multichannel systems 6.3.1.1 Chemical vapor generation in multichannel systems with pneumatic nebulization 6.3.1.2 Chemical vapor generation in multichannel systems with ultrasonic nebulization 6.3.1.3 Photochemical vapor generation in multichannel systems 6.4 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 7. Discrete droplet generation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Design and fundamentals 7.3 Applications 7.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8. Electrospray 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Liquid nebulization by steady jetting: Basic physics and main parameters 8.1.2 Steady jetting by acceleration from a nearly quiescent source: The Taylor cone 8.1.3 The effect of ejections 8.2 Taylor cone-jets 8.2.1 Basic physics and equations 8.2.1.1 The driving electric field (Taylor) 8.2.1.2 The ejected charge rate (electric current) 8.2.1.3 The balance of surface stresses 8.2.1.4 The liquid momentum balance 8.2.1.5 Nondimensional equations 8.2.2 Taylor cone-jets: Scaling laws 8.2.2.1 Dominance of inertia, electrostatic suction, and tangential electric stress: The IE scaling law 8.2.2.2 Dominance of inertia and polar stress: The IP scaling law 8.2.2.3 Dominance of viscous forces, electrostatic suction, and tangential electric stress: The VE scaling law 8.2.2.4 Dominance of viscous forces, polar forces, and tangential electric stress: The VP scaling law 8.2.2.5 Other marginal scalings 8.3 Electrokinetics of electrospraying 8.3.1 Bulk equations 8.3.2 The surface charge layer: Debye’s length 8.4 Applications in detection of virus-like particles 8.4.1 Relevance of the cone-jet mode 8.4.2 Electrospray-enabled electrical mobility measurements 8.5 Concluding remarks References 9. Ultrasonic nebulizers 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Design and fundamentals 9.2.1 Droplet formation mechanism 9.2.2 Prediction of droplet size 9.2.3 Typical designs of USNs and desolvation systems 9.2.4 Additional effects of high aerosol loading 9.3 Applications 9.3.1 Aqueous solution nebulization for plasma OES and MS 9.3.2 Nebulization of organic liquids 9.3.3 Other spectroscopies: LIBS, AAS, and GD 9.3.4 Interface for hyphenated techniques 9.3.5 Direct chemical vapor generation techniques 9.3.6 Solution nebulization for ambient MS 9.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 10. Applications in single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Fundamentals of spICP-MS 10.2.1 Separation of the signal domains 10.2.2 Determination of the particle number concentration 10.2.3 Particle size determination by spICP-MS 10.3 Application and performance of different sample introduction systems for spICP-MS analysis 10.3.1 Pneumatic nebulizers/spray chamber systems 10.3.2 Microdroplet generation systems 10.3.3 Combined PN/MDG systems 10.4 Future perspectives References 11. Application of online sample introduction systems for single-cell analysis with ICP-MS 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Fundamentals 11.2.1 Considerations for sc-ICP-MS experiments 11.2.2 Mass spectrometric features 11.2.3 Transport efficiency in sc-ICP-MS 11.2.4 Quantitative analysis 11.3 Applications 11.3.1 Single-cell analysis of constitutive elements 11.3.2 The incorporation of metal species in single cells 11.3.2.1 Metallodrugs in single cells 11.3.2.2 Nanoparticles in single cells 11.3.3 Analysis of biomarkers by sc-ICP-MS 11.4 Future perspectives References 12. Nonconventional applications of nebulizers: Nanomaterials synthesis 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Fundamentals 12.2.1 Liquid-phase aerosol-assisted nanomaterials synthesis 12.2.2 Pneumatic nebulization 12.2.3 Ultrasonic nebulization 12.2.4 Electrosynthesis nebulization 12.2.5 Spray pyrolysis 12.2.6 Gas-phase aerosol-assisted nanomaterial synthesis 12.2.7 Furnace generation 12.2.8 Glowing-wire aerosol generation 12.2.9 Spark-discharge generation 12.2.10 Plasma 12.2.11 Laser ablation 12.3 Applications 12.3.1 Metal nanoparticles 12.3.2 Metal oxide nanoparticles 12.3.3 Carbonaceous nanomaterials 12.3.4 Nanoporous materials 12.3.5 Nanocomposites and functional nanomaterials 12.3.6 Nanostructured thin films and nanocoatings 12.4 Future perspectives References 13. Nebulizer-based detectors for liquid chromatography Tadesse Haile Ferejaa,b and Guobao Xua,c 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Pneumatic nebulizer 13.1.2 Thermospray nebulizer 13.1.2.1 Pneumatic micronebulizers 13.1.3 Hydraulic nebulizer 13.1.3.1 Low-pressure hydraulic nebulizer 13.1.3.2 High-pressure hydraulic nebulizer 13.1.4 Ultrasonic nebulizer 13.1.5 Electrospray 13.2 Fundamentals of nebulizer-based LC-detection techniques 13.2.1 General principles of nebulizer-based LC detectors 13.2.2 Evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) 13.2.2.1 ELSD operating principles 13.2.2.2 ELSD response 13.2.2.3 Factors affecting ELSD response 13.2.3 Condensation nucleation light-scattering detection (CNLSD) 13.2.3.1 CNLSD operating principles 13.2.3.2 Factors influencing CNLSD response 13.2.4 Charged aerosol detector (CAD) 13.2.4.1 Operating principles 13.2.4.2 CAD response 13.2.4.3 Factors affecting CAD response 13.2.5 HPLC-chip/MS technology 13.3 Application of nebulizer-based LC detectors 13.3.1 Pharmaceuticals 13.3.2 Food products 13.3.3 Environmental analysis 13.4 Conclusions and future trends References Index