Advancement of Science and Technology: Materials and Energy

Description

This book presents the latest developments, innovations, and sustainable technologies in materials and energy, covering various research methods, including numerical and experiment analysis. Materials-related topics focus on construction, energy, and other material replacements for various applications. Energy-related topics covered include applications of solar technology, wind energy analysis. The book provides state-of-the-art research on the efforts being made toward sustainability in developing countries and will be a valuable reference for researchers, engineers, industry professionals, graduate students, and related practitioners.   Preface Contents Prediction of Global Solar Radiation Based on Sunshine Hours in Ethiopia´s Amhara Region 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Data 2.3 Empirical Models 2.4 Testing Goodness of the Model 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 The Stations´ Model Performance 3.2 Choosing the Best Regression Model for the Stations 4 Conclusion References Investigation and Optimization of the Energy Band Gap of PAM/PVP/Al2O3 Composites 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Section 2.1 Preparation of the Polymer/Al2O3 Composites Using SLMD 2.2 Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis 2.3 Optimization of the PVP/PAM/Al2O3 Composites 2.4 Characterization of the Polymer/Al2O3 Composites 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 UV-Vis Spectra 3.2 Absorption Coefficient 3.3 Urbach Energy Eu 3.4 Energy Band Gap and Its Determination 3.5 Statistical Design and Analysis of the Experiments 3.6 Optimization of the Energy Band Gap 3.7 Characterization of the Optimized Samples 4 Conclusions References Characterization of False Banana Fiber as a Potential Reinforcement Material for Geopolymer Composites 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Compositional Analysis of the Fiber 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Fiber Moisture Content 3.2 Fiber Diameter 3.3 Fiber Density 3.4 Single Fiber Tensile Strength 3.5 Thermal Degradation Behavior 3.6 Fiber Composition 4 Conclusion References Drying Characteristics and Kinetic Study of Coffee Cherries (Coffee arabica) in Convective Hot Air Dryer 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Experimental Study and Description 2.2 Design of Experiments 3 Mathematical Modeling 4 Moisture Diffusivities of Coffee Cherries 5 Statically Analysis 6 Results and Discussion 6.1 Coffee Cherry Drying Characteristics 6.2 Drying Rates 6.3 Kinetics of Thin-Layer Drying 6.4 Effective Moisture Diffusivity 7 Conclusion References Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement by Metakaolin on Engineering Properties of Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Experimental Design 2.1 Materials 2.1.1 Cement 2.1.2 Coarse Aggregate 2.1.3 Fine Aggregate 2.1.4 Water 2.1.5 Metakaolin (MK) 2.2 Methods 2.3 Mix Proportion 2.4 Concrete Mixing, Casting, and Curing 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Fresh Properties of Concrete 3.1.1 Consistency and Soundness 3.1.2 Setting Time 3.1.3 Workability 3.2 Hardened Properties of Concrete 3.2.1 Compressive Strength 3.2.2 Unit Weight of Hardened Concrete 3.2.3 Sulfate Attack 3.2.4 Water Absorption 4 Conclusions References Engineering Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement Cement and Coarse Aggregate by Waste Glass Powder and Steel Slag A... 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Experimental Design 2.1 Materials 2.1.1 Cement 2.1.2 Coarse Aggregate 2.1.3 Fine Aggregate 2.1.4 Water 2.1.5 Waste Glass Powder (WGP) and Steel Slag (SS) 2.2 Methods 2.3 Mix Proportion 2.4 Concrete Mixing, Casting, and Curing 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Consistency for Blended Cement (OPC-WGP) 3.2 Workability of Concrete 3.3 Harden Properties of Concrete 3.3.1 Compressive Strength 3.3.2 Water Absorption 3.3.3 Sulfate Attack 4 Conclusions References Experimental Investigation on Properties of Mortar Containing Waste Marble as Fine Aggregate 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Formulation of Combination Mixes 2.3 Mixing and Sample Preparation 2.4 Test Methods 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Properties of Ingredients 3.1.1 Gradation 3.1.2 Chemical Composition of Waste Marble 3.1.3 Property of Cement Used 3.2 Mix Proportion and Sample Preparation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Slump Flow of Mortar Mixes 4.2 Compressive Strength 4.3 Flexural Strength 4.4 Split Tensile Strength 4.5 Water Absorption 4.6 Water Permeability 4.7 Sulfate Resistance 5 Conclusion References Investigation on Utilizing of Steel Slag as a Partial Replacement of Natural River Sand as a Fine Aggregate in Concrete Produc... 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Experimental Methods 2.1 Materials 2.1.1 Steel Slag 2.1.2 Cement 2.1.3 Natural River Sand 2.1.4 Crushed Stone Coarse Aggregate 2.2 Mix Proportion 2.3 Test Methods and Sampling Techniques 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Workability 3.2 Compressive Strength 3.3 Sulfate Attack Resistance 3.4 Water Absorption 3.5 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity 4 Conclusions References Effect of Filtering Techniques in Manufacturing of Optimal Topologies Using Additive Manufacturing 1 Introduction 2 Problem Formulation 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Effect of Filtering Techniques on Complexity and Convergence Rate 4.2 Effect of Building Orientations in Manufacturing of Optimal Topologies Using 3D Printer 5 Conclusion References Optimal Placement and Size of Multiple PV-DG Units for Power Loss Reduction and Voltage Profile Improvement in Dilla Distribut... 1 Introduction 1.1 Distribution Network 1.2 PV-DG Modeling 2 Problem Formulation 2.1 Distribution System Power Flow Analysis 2.2 Objective Function and System Constraints 2.3 Optimal Sizing and Siting of PV-DG Using PSO 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Technological Development and Adoption Rates of Injera Baking Stoves: A Review 1 Biomass Cooking 1.1 Biomass Cooking and Related Problems 1.2 Injera Baking 2 Technological Advancement 2.1 Improved Biomass Baking Stoves (Mirt and Gonzie) 2.2 Electric Baking Stove (Electric Mitad) 2.3 Solar-Powered Injera Baking Stoves/Mitad 2.4 Biogas Baking Stoves 3 Adoption Rates and Determinant Factors 4 Conclusion References Experimental Investigation of Solar Cooker Using Parabolic Dish Collector for Indoor Cooking Application 1 Introduction 1.1 Solar Cookers 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Conceptual Model of the Developed Solar Cooker 2.2 Sizing of the Parabolic Dish Concentrator 2.2.1 Calculation of Cooking Load 2.2.2 Insulation Material 3 Experimental Setup 3.1 The Experimental Setup 3.2 Performance Parameters 3.2.1 Cooking Power Estimation 3.2.2 Interval Average Cooking Power 3.2.3 Standardized Cooking Power () 3.2.4 Thermal Efficiency of Indoor Solar Cooker 3.3 The Overall Performance of the Developed Solar Cooker 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Stagnation Test 4.2 Load Test (Water Heating Test) 5 Conclusion References Economic Feasibility Study of Biogas Production from Cladodes of Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Biogas Plant Overview 2.2 Biogas Production 2.3 Process Design and Simulation with Economic Calculations 2.4 Sensitivity Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Process Development and Economic Calculations 3.2 Sensitivity Analysis 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Zn(NO3)2.6H2O/Urea Composite Deep Eutectic Solvents Derived Through Facile and Green Synthesis Approach as an Electrolyte for ... 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Procedures 2.1 Materials 2.2 Synthesis of DES Based on Zn(NO3)2.6H2O/N2H4CO 3 Method of Characterization 3.1 Ionic Conductivity Measurement 3.2 Refractive Index Measurement 3.3 Analysis of FT-IR Spectroscopy 3.4 TGA Analysis 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Ionic Conductivity Measurement 4.2 Refractive Index Measurement 4.3 FTIR Spectroscopy 4.4 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 5 Conclusion References Experimental Investigation of Parabolic Solar Dish Concentrator-Based Solar Dryer Assisted with Thermal Energy Storage System 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Solar Drying Model 2.2 Description of Solar Dryer 2.2.1 Parabolic Dish Support 2.2.2 Drying Chamber 2.2.3 Solar Radiation Reflective Glass and Cavity Receiver 3 Evaluating Parameters 3.1 Designing Variable 3.1.1 Determination of Moisture Content 3.1.2 Weight of Water Removed from the Mango Slice 3.1.3 The Amount of Heat Energy Required 3.1.4 Total Energy Required 3.2 Performance Analysis of Dryer 3.2.1 Equilibrium Moisture Content 3.2.2 Moisture Ratio and Rate of Drying 3.2.3 Drying Efficiency 3.2.4 Solar Collector Efficiency 3.3 Drying Models 3.3.1 Statistical Validation for Selected Model 4 Experimental Testing 4.1 Experimental Setup and Equipment Used 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Charging and Discharging of Rock Bed 5.1.1 Charging Temperature Profile During Charging Time 5.1.2 Temperature Recovering Profile During Discharge Time 5.2 Solar Drying of Mango Slices 5.2.1 Average Solar Insolation for the Drying Days 5.2.2 Thermal Performance of the Constructed Solar Dryer 5.2.3 Collector Thermal Efficiency 5.2.4 Drying Efficiency 5.2.5 Solar Drying Kinetics of Mango Slices 5.2.6 Mathematical Modeling for Mango Slice Drying 6 Conclusion References Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Mixed-Mode Natural Convection Solar Dryer With and Without Solar Air Heater for Green... 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Greenhouse Solar Dryer Location and Orientation 2.2 Material Selection 2.3 Description of the Greenhouse Dryer 2.4 Climate Data Collection 2.5 Design Calculation 2.6 Determination of Drying Heat Load Volumetric Air Flow and Mass Flow Rate 2.7 Average Drying Rate 2.8 Dying Chamber Capacity Calculation 2.9 Solar Collector Design Sizing the Collector 3 Mathematical Modeling 3.1 Solar Radiation Model 3.2 Solar Collector Model 3.3 Mathematical Model for Greenhouse Dryer 3.3.1 Energy Balance of the Cover 3.3.2 Energy Balance of the Air Inside the Dryer 3.3.3 Energy Balance of the Product 3.3.4 Mass Balance Equation 3.4 Heat Transfer and Heat Loss Coefficients 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Simulation Results of Solar Air Collector 4.2 Simulation Results of Greenhouse Dryer 4.3 Drying Rates and Moisture Removal Results of the Greenhouse Dryer 5 Conclusion References Evaluation of Planetary Ball Milling and Mild-Alkaline Pretreatment for Enhanced Fermentable Sugar Production from Sugarcane B... 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Materials 2.2 Alkaline Pretreatment of Sugarcane Bagasse 2.3 Planetary Ball Milling Pretreatment of Sugarcane Bagasse 2.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse 2.5 Analytical Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Composition of the Raw Sugarcane Bagasse 3.2 Effect of Alkaline Pretreatment on the Chemical Composition of Sugarcane Bagasse 3.3 Effect of Pretreatment Methods on Crystallinity 3.4 Effect of Pretreatment Methods on Morphology 3.5 Effect of Pretreatment Methods on Glucose Yield 4 Conclusion References Mechanical Response Prediction of Fiber-Reinforced Composites by Using Machine Learning Models: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Search of Research 2.2 Selection Criteria 2.3 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 2.4 Quality Assessment 3 Results 3.1 Machine Learning 3.2 Steps in Machine Learning 3.3 Applications of ML in Composite Materials 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Review on Recent Advancements in Mechanical Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) 1 Introduction 2 Testing 3 Modeling 4 Failure Modes of CLT 4.1 Flexural Tension Failure 4.2 Shear Failure (RS) 4.3 Glueline Failure 5 Conclusion References Utilization of Starch from Waste Avocado Seed for the Manufacture of Sustainable Bio-Based Adhesive Reinforced with Clay Parti... 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials and Chemicals 2.2 Equipment Used 2.3 Methods of Starch Extraction 2.4 Characterization of Avocado Seed Starch 2.5 Characterization of Adhesive 2.5.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) 2.5.2 Experimental Design 2.5.3 Development of Adhesive 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterization of Starch 3.2 Characterization of Adhesive 3.2.1 Solid Content 3.2.2 Moisture Content 3.2.3 Shear Strength 3.2.4 Tensile Strength 3.2.5 FTIR Analysis 4 Conclusion References Investigating Rutting Performance Characteristics of Ethiopian Jute Fiber-Modified Asphalt Binder 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 The Effect of Jute Fiber on Amplitude Sweep Test (AST) 3.2 Effect of Jute Fiber on Stiffness Properties of the Bitumen 3.3 The Effect of Jute Fiber on Performance Grade Test 3.4 The Effect of Jute Fiber on the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Properties 4 Conclusion References Preparation of Thermal Insulation Material from Plastic Scrap, Sawdust, and Gypsum 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Equipment and Instrument 2.2 Reagents and Chemicals 2.3 Experimental Design 2.4 Experimental Setup and Description 2.5 Methods 2.5.1 Raw Material Collection and Preparation 2.5.2 Formulation of Thermal Insulation Materials 2.5.3 Melting of HDPE Scrap and Mixing with Gypsum and Sawdust 2.5.4 Molding and Cooling 2.6 Statistical Data Analysis 2.7 Product Characterization 2.7.1 Determination of Water Absorption 2.7.2 Density 2.7.3 Compressive Strength 2.7.4 Thermal Conductivity 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Physio-Mechanical Characterization of Raw Materials 3.2 Product Characterization 3.2.1 Water Absorption 3.2.2 Density 3.2.3 Compressive Strength 3.2.4 Thermal Conductivity 4 Conclusion References Partial Replacement of Cement with Marble and Ceramic Waste Powders in Normal Strength Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Mix Proportions 2.3 Experimental Procedures 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Material Properties 3.2 Fresh Concrete Properties 3.2.1 Slump Test 3.2.2 Chemical Shrinkage of Concrete 3.3 Hardened Concrete Properties 3.3.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete 3.3.2 Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete 3.3.3 Flexural Strength Test Analysis 4 Conclusions References Evaluation of the Impact of Wing Span and Wing Chord Length on the Aerodynamic Performance of Cessna 172-R Aircraft 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Formulation 2.1 Lift Coefficient (CL) 2.2 Drag Coefficient (CD) 2.2.1 Friction Drag Coefficient (CDf) 2.2.2 Wave Drag Coefficient (CDw) 2.2.3 Induced Drag Coefficient (CDi) 3 Experimental Investigation 3.1 Dynamic Scaling and Model Preparation 3.2 Wind Tunnel Testing 3.3 Lift and Drag Coefficients 4 Performance Parameters 4.1 Range and Endurance 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Lift and Drag Coefficients 5.2 Range and Endurance 6 Conclusions References Investigation of Existing Building Condition for Maintenance: Prolonging Its Service Life: The Case of CBE Bure Branch 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 2 Methodology 2.1 Analysis of the Entire System 2.2 Visual Inspection with Common Measurements 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Analysis of Structural System 3.2 Observation and Visual Inspection 3.3 Nondestructive Test 3.4 Deflection Requirement 4 Maintenance Methodology 4.1 Plaster Demolishing 4.2 Re-plastering 4.3 Recommendations on External Walls 5 Conclusion References Index