Hydrologic Measurements with Flexible Liners and Other Applications

Description

This book provides hydrologists the information needed for the characterization of contaminated subsurface hydrologic sites. It explains how to seal boreholes, map contaminant distribution in a formation, map the flow zones, and measure the hydraulic head distribution through a single flexible liner. Results of the measurement methods provided demonstrate the reality and reliability of the unique FLUTe techniques. These measurements help to predict contaminant migration and aid in the design of a groundwater remedy. The limitations of several methods are provided to allow an intelligent choice of methods and a well-informed selection of devices among the alternative methods. The mechanics of flexible liner systems are explained with examples of applications beyond the hydrologic measurements such as relining of piping. Features include: The first book on a modern technology that is replacing traditional technology globally Written by the inventor of the FLUTe technology with 25 years’ experience with successful applications Describes FLUTe technology in detail, including the theory behind the tools, how to use the tools, and the mathematics used to interpret the data generated by the tools Provides step-by-step explanations of how to conduct fieldwork and how to analyze the data gathered Minimizes reliance on mathematical explanations and uses illustrations and examples that allow readers to understand the technology This book is of interest to environmental professionals, mine operators, petroleum engineers, geophysicists who use these methods or are considering using these methods for remediation of groundwater contamination, academics, students, and regulators. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Foreword (by Joe Rossabi) Preface Acknowledgments Author List of Abbreviations Chapter 1: Introduction/Purpose Chapter 2: Brief History of Flexible Liner Underground Technologies (FLUTe) Methods Chapter 3: The Mechanics of Flexible Liners 3.1. The Flexible Liner Characteristics 3.2. The Eversion of a Flexible Liner 3.2.1. The Towing Force 3.2.2. Drag (Friction Effects) 3.2.3. Eversion into a Borehole 3.2.4. Other Factors Influential on the Liner Propagation 3.2.4.1. Hole/Liner Diameter 3.2.4.2. Wet Film Adhesion 3.2.4.3. The Minimum Tension 3.2.4.4. The Difference between the Eversion and the Inversion of the Liner 3.2.4.5. The Air Balloon Drag and the Air Vent 3.2.4.6. Effect of Breakouts on Liner Eversion 3.2.4.7. The Impermeable Borehole Installations 3.2.5. Stretch of the Liner 3.3. The Liner Removal Methods 3.3.1. The Normal Inversion from a Permeable Borehole 3.3.2. The Pump and Drag Removal 3.3.3. The Impermeable Borehole Removal 3.4. The Liner Seal 3.4.1. Interior View of the Sealing Liner 3.4.2. The Highest Head Measurement Method 3.4.3. Artesian Conditions 3.4.4. Liner Seal Comparison with Packers 3.5. Liner Installation Devices 3.5.1. Air Pressure Canisters 3.5.2. Hose Canisters 3.5.3. Gravity-Driven Installations 3.5.4. Magic Gland 3.5.5. The Drop-in-Place Liner Installation 3.5.6. The Bulbous Wellhead for Artesian Installations 3.5.7. Mud-Filled Liners 3.5.7.1. Purpose of Mud Fill 3.5.7.2. An Example of the Mud Pressure Calculation 3.5.7.3. In Summary, How the Heavy Mud Is Used Chapter 4: Chemistry of the Liners 4.1. Arsenic 4.2. Toluene 4.3. 1,4-Dioxane 4.4. Polyfluoronated Alkyl Substance (PFAS) 4.5. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Chapter 5: Kinds of Blank Liners 5.1. Different Diameters 5.2. Fabrics 5.2.1. Nylon Liners 5.2.2. Polyester Liners 5.2.3. Silicon Rubber Liners 5.2.4. Transparent Liners and Geophysical Logging 5.2.5. Different Fabric Weight Liners 5.2.6. Tubular Plastic Film Liners 5.3. Carrier Liners for Coverings 5.4. Lay Flat Hose Liners Chapter 6: Novel Applications of Blank Liners 6.1. Surface Extensions 6.2. Eversions on or under Water 6.3. Vertical Upward Unsupported Extensions 6.4. Eversions through Crooked Piping Systems 6.5. Lining Boreholes to Prevent Grout Loss or Grout Shrinkage Outside of a Casing Chapter 7: General Advantages of Flexible Blank Liners Chapter 8: Hazards to the Liner and Precautions Chapter 9: Special Devices Designed for Use with Liners 9.1. Green Machine 9.2. Linear Capstan 9.2.1. Background 9.2.2. The Linear Capstan Design 9.3. T Profiler 9.4. Braking Devices of Several Kinds 9.5. The Air-Coupled Water-Level Meter Systems 9.5.1. The ACT (Air-Coupled Transducer) 9.5.1.1. ACT Purpose 9.5.1.2. Background/Comparisons 9.5.1.3. The ACT Design and Theory 9.5.1.4. The Range of Pressure Changes for the ACT Transducers 9.5.1.5. The Temperature Effect 9.5.1.6. First Result of the ACT Measurement 9.5.1.7. The Field Measurements 9.5.1.8. Input Data and Apparatus 9.5.1.9. Usual Applications of the ACT System 9.5.1.10. Resolution of the ACT Method 9.5.1.11. Barometric Corrections 9.5.1.12. How Is the Raw Data Used? 9.5.1.13. Advantages and Limitations of the Method 9.5.2. The Vacuum Water-Level Meter (VWLM) 9.5.3. The Air-Coupled Water-Level Meter (ACWLM) 9.6 Eversion/Inversion AIDS Chapter 10: Theory and Application of FLUTe Liner Methods 10.1. Blank Sealing Liners 10.1.1. Installation of a Blank Liner 10.1.2. Transparent Blank Liners 10.1.3. Measurements by Others Using FLUTe Flexible Liners 10.2. FLUTe Blank Liners with Special Coverings 10.2.1. The NAPL FLUTe 10.2.1.1. History of NAPL FLUTe Development 10.2.1.2. How the NAPL FLUTe Is Installed in Direct Push Rods 10.2.1.3. NAPL FLUTe Installations in an Open Stable Borehole 10.2.1.4. NAPL FLUTe Covers over Core 10.2.1.5. NAPL FLUTe Sand Bags 10.2.1.6. Examples of NAPL FLUTe Stains 10.2.2. The FACT Application 10.2.2.1. History and Experience 10.2.2.2. The FACT Method 10.2.2.3. Assessment of the FACT Method 10.2.2.4. Quantitative FACT Assessment at the NAWC Site 10.2.2.5. Comparisons of the FACT with Other Methods 10.2.2.6. The daFACT 10.2.2.7. Advantages and Limitations of the FACT Measurement 10.2.3. Absorbers of Other Kinds on Blank Liners 10.2.3.1. Pore Water Collection in the Vadose Zone 10.2.3.2. Radioactive Contamination Absorbers 10.3. The Transmissivity Measurement Method 10.3.1. History of the Transmissivity Profile Method 10.3.2. The Transmissivity Measurement Method 10.3.2.1. The Liner Behavior 10.3.2.2. The Calculational Model 10.3.2.3. When to Terminate the T Profile 10.3.3. The T Profile Results 10.3.4. Examples of Other T Profiles 10.3.5. Calculation of the Effective Fracture Aperture Using the T Profile Results 10.3.6. Corrections to the Simple T Profile Calculational Model 10.3.6.1. Transient Correction 10.3.6.2. The Borehole Diameter Correction 10.3.6.3. The Vertical Head Correction 10.3.7. The Transmissivity Profiling Equipment 10.3.7.1. Maintaining a Constant Tension on the Liner 10.3.7.2. Maintaining the Constant Driving Head 10.3.8. Effect of Well Development on the T Profile 10.3.9. A Special Design for T Profiles of Boreholes with Very High Artesian Heads 10.3.10. T Profile Comparison with Straddle Packer Results 10.3.11. Advantages and Limitations of the T Profile 10.3.11.1. Advantages 10.3.11.2. Limitations 10.4. RHP (Reverse Head Profile) Measurement of a Head Profile 10.4.1. The History of the RHP Method 10.4.2. The Purpose of the Formation Head Measurement 10.4.3. The RHP Calculation 10.4.3.1. The Times to Equilibration for Each Step of the RHP 10.4.3.2. The Use of the RHP to Refine the Transmissivity Profile 10.4.3.3. Selection of the RHP Intervals to Be Measured 10.4.4. A Result of the RHP Method 10.4.5. Calculation of the Synthetic Flow Log 10.4.6. RHP Profile Summary 10.4.7. Advantages and Limitations of the RHP 10.5. FLUTE MLS (Multilevel Sampling) Systems 10.5.1. Water FLUTe 10.5.1.1. History of Water FLUTes 10.5.1.2. The Geometry of the Water FLUTe Design 10.5.1.3. Function of the Water FLUTe 10.5.1.4. Transducer Options for Monitoring Head History 10.5.1.5. The Tracer Monitoring Capability of the Water FLUTe Design 10.5.1.6. Materials in the Water FLUTe Construction 10.5.1.7. Installation and Removal Procedure for Water FLUTes 10.5.1.8. Advantages and Limitations of Water FLUTe System 10.5.2. The SWF (Shallow Water FLUTe) 10.5.2.1. The Design and Function 10.5.2.2. Other Advantages and Limitations of the SWF 10.5.3. CHS (Cased Hole Sampler) Systems 10.5.3.1. Background and History 10.5.3.2. Geometry of the CHS 10.5.3.3. Installation Procedure for CHS 10.5.3.4. Purging and Sampling 10.5.3.5. The Removal Procedure 10.5.3.6. Special CHS Design for Potassium Permanganate 10.5.4. The pdCHS (Positive Displacement CHS) 10.5.4.1. The Design of the pdCHS System 10.5.4.2. Simultaneous Purging and Sampling of the pdCHS 10.5.4.3. Installation and Removal of the pdCHS 10.5.4.4. Installation of CHS and pdCHS with Mud or Grout-Filled Liner 10.5.4.5. Installation of CHS Systems in Uncased Holes 10.5.5. Use of ACT Systems with the CHS Systems 10.5.6. Depth Limitations for CHS and pdCHS Systems 10.5.6.1. Depth Limits for CHS Systems 10.5.6.2. Depth Limits for pdCHS Systems 10.5.7. Relative Cost of the CHS Based Systems 10.5.8. Advantages and Limitations of Both CHS Systems 10.5.9. Use of FLUTe MLS Systems in General 10.5.9.1. Water FLUTe (In Use Since 1996) 10.5.9.2. Shallow Water FLUTe (SWF) (In Use Since 2014) 10.5.9.3. CHS Systems (In Use Since 2018) 10.5.9.4. Mapping Cross-Hole Connection with FLUTe MLS Systems 10.5.10. Comparison of FLUTe MLS Systems with Other MLS Systems 10.5.11. The DEIL 10.5.11.1. The Purpose and Design of the DEIL (Discrete Extraction and Injection Liner) 10.5.11.2. The Geometry of the DEIL Liner 10.5.11.3. The DEIL Design Advantages and Limitations 10.5.12. Other Special CHS Systems 10.5.12.1. Many Head Measurements in a CHS 10.5.12.2. Hybrid pdCHS for Deep Boreholes 10.6. Stretch of Liners as Important to FLUTe Methods Chapter 11: FLUTe Vadose Multi-Level Measurements 11.1. Pore Gas Sampling 11.1.1. The Geometry 11.1.2. The Gas Sampling Procedure 11.2. Pore Liquid Sampling in the Vadose Zone 11.2.1. The Use 11.2.2. The Geometry of Pore Liquid Sampling 11.2.3. The Sampling Procedure for Pore Water 11.2.3.1. Other FLUTe Measurements in the Vadose Zone 11.2.3.2. In Summary Chapter 12: The TACL (Traveling Acoustic Coupling Liner) 12.1. The TACL Method 12.2. Use of the Blank Liner to Provide Coupling of Fiber Optic Cables Chapter 13: Application of Combinations of Liners and Other Methods 13.1. The FLUTe Sequence 13.2. Lahd (Liner Augmentation of Horizontal Drilling) 13.3. Progressive Packers 13.3.1. Purpose of Design 13.3.2. The Method 13.3.3. Emplacement Technique 13.3.4. The Means of Keeping the Liners Pressurized 13.3.5. Other Concepts of Potential Use of the Progressive Packer 13.4. Towing Sondes and Supporting Boreholes for Logging 13.5. Transparent Liner 13.6. Duet Method 13.7. Vertical Conductivity Measurements Using FLUTe MLSs 13.8. Liner Pressurization for Shallow Water Tables or Artesian Conditions 13.8.1. The Problem Addressed 13.8.2. FLUTe’s Weighted Inverted Liner Design (WILD) 13.8.2.1. The Wild Method 13.8.2.2. Advantages and Limitations of the WILD Design 13.8.3. The Submerged Standpipe Design 13.8.3.1. The Function of the Submerged Standpipe Design 13.8.3.2. Details of the Function Chapter 14: CSC (Continuous Screened Casing) Design 14.1. Purpose and Design 14.2. Calculation of Flow in the Interrupted Annulus 14.2.1. The Results of the Calculation 14.2.1.1. Calculation No. 1: Calculation with No Seals in the Annulus 14.2.1.2. Calculation No. 2: Calculation with Grout Seals in the Annulus 14.2.1.3. Calculation No. 3: Calculation with Seals in the Annulus and Allowing Radial Horizontal Flow from the Annulus 14.2.1.4. Calculation No. 4: Calculation with Seals in the Annulus and Allowing Radial Horizontal Flow from the Annulus and upon Increasing Formation Conductivity by Factor of 10 14.2.2. What May Be the Definition of Significant Vertical Flow? 14.2.3. What Steady-State Flow Calculations Show about Significant Bypass of the Seals 14.2.4. Optimizing the Design 14.3. The Construction of the CSC Design 14.4. Combined Overburden and Bedrock Access 14.4.1. Discussion of the Design Function 14.4.2. Conclusion of the CSC Design 14.5. T Profiles in Continuous Screened Casing 14.5.1. Bypass of the Liner in the Sand Pack 14.6. Conclusion Chapter 15: Other Applications of Liners 15.1. Use of Liners in Angled, Horizontal, and Tortuous Boreholes or Pipes 15.1.1. The LAHD History 15.1.2. The LAHD Method 15.1.3. Advantages of the LAHD Method Chapter 16: FLUTe Calculational Models 16.1. The Crooked Pipe Model 16.1.1. History and Purpose 16.1.2. The Drag Model in a Crooked Pipe 16.1.3. Parameters for a Crooked Pipe Calculation of Liner Travel 16.1.4. Advantages of the Crooked Pipe Model 16.2. Transient Correction Model of the T Profile Method 16.3. Extrapolation to the Equilibrium Asymptote for the RHP 16.3.1. How to Calculate an Asymptotic Limit for an Exponential Approach to Equilibrium 16.4. Fracture Aperture Calculation Model Using the T Profile Data 16.4.1. The Model 16.5. Data Reductions of T Profile 16.5.1. Who Does the Data Reduction 16.5.2. When Is the Data Reduced to a T Profile 16.6. Data Reduction of RHP 16.7. Data Reduction for the Act 16.8. Fact Diffusion Models Chapter 17: Installation Procedures of Many Kinds Chapter 18: The Manufacturing Machines and Facilities Developed for Liner Fabrication 18.1. Specially Designed RF Welding Machines 18.2. Dye Striping Machine 18.3. Compression Wrapping Machine 18.4. Air-Driven Canisters 18.5. EP Marking Methods 18.6. Port Welding Machines and Other Attachments 18.7. Long Trays for Eversions Chapter 19: Conclusion References Index