Border Management Modernization

Description

Foreword Acknowledgments Contents Chapter 1 Introduction and summary Chapter 2 The future of border management Chapter 3 Border management modernization and the trade supply chain Chapter 4 Borders, their design, and their operation Chapter 5 Building a convincing business case for border management reform Chapter 6 Core border management disciplines: risk based compliance management Chapter 7 Information and communications technology and modern border management Chapter 8 Developing a national single window: implementation issues and considerations Chapter 9 Information and communications technology procurement for border management Chapter 10 The role of the private sector in border management reform Chapter 11 Reform instruments, tools, and best practice approaches Chapter 12 Managing organizational change in border management reform Chapter 13 Nontariff measures: impact, regulation, and trade facilitation Chapter 14 Regional integration and customs unions Chapter 15 Information and communications technology in support of customs unions: a case study of the European Union Chapter 16 Sanitary and phytosanitary measures and border management Chapter 17 Transit regimes Chapter 18 The national security environment: strategic context Chapter 19 Border management considerations in fragile states Chapter 20 Integrity risk modeling in the border management context Editors and contributing authors Boxes 3.1 The Logistics Performance Index and Doing Business Indicators 3.2 Supporters of trade facilitation activities in developing countries 3.3 Re-engineering transit regimes: the case of Central Africa 3.4 The World Bank Trade Facilitation Facility 4.1 No man’s land and border anomalies 4.2 Customs: its zone of competence 4.3 Signs for border stations 4.4 Customs and immigration 4.5 The private sector at the border 4.6 The case for duty free shops 4.7 Where should border stations be opened? 4.8 The closed border between Mozambique and South Africa 4.9 The Metkovic-Gabela border crossing 4.10 Palatial border stations that went wrong 4.11 Border parking 4.12 Closed circuit television 4.13 Green channel failures 4.14 Police and customs cooperation centers 4.15 Fraud opportunities: misreporting cargo under traditional, manual reporting systems 4.16 Examples of joint data collection at border stations 5.1 Analyzing border management strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats 5.2 Example of a long term vision for border management reform 5.3 A sample account of rejected alternatives and past lessons 6.1 Case study: risk management in Cambodia 6.2 Case study: the Schengen Information System 9.1 The World Bank’s two stage process for the supply and installation of information systems 10.1 Stakeholders in border management reform: the private and public sectors 10.2 Trade facilitation concepts derived from traders’ frustrations 10.3 “The needs of all parties ... must be identified”: extract from Recommendation 4 of the United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business 10.4 Examples of three models for trade facilitation bodies 10.5 A government department’s dedicated consultation vehicle: the United Kingdom’s Joint Customs Consultative Committee 10.6 Preferential treatment for authorized traders: extract from the Revised Kyoto Convention 10.7 Services supplied by private sector businesses to border management agencies 11.1 Sponsors of international instruments 12.1 Structure of an organizational reform plan 12.2 Communications and awareness plan 12.3 Human resources development plan 12.4 The introduction of a formality service fee by Thai Customs 12.5 Cameroon Customs Integrity Initiative 12.6 Training master plan 13.1 Classification of nontariff measures by the World Trade Organization’s Non-Agricultural Market Access 13.2 Classification of nontariff measures according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in 2009 14.1 The five stages of regional integration 14.2 Value added tax administration in the European Union: missing traders and carousel fraud 14.3 Coordination at the regional level: the implementation of the New Computerised Transit System in Europe 17.1 Main messages of this chapter 17.2 General requirements in respect of seals, from annex E.1 of the amended International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (Revised Kyoto Convention) 17.3 General provisions applicable to customs transit as codified by international conventions 18.1 An example of the complexity of the international supply chain: the Apple iPod nano 20.1 What is governance? 20.2 Developing a governance accountability action plan (GAAP) for Afghan customs 20.3 The first combined and outcome based border management reform approach: the World Bank’s Trade and Transport Facilitation in Southeast Europe project 20.4 Assessing the financial level of petty corruption: rentseeking at customs in a fragile state 20.5 Calculating corruption risk levels for each customs process step and substep Figures 2.1 Public-private partnership approaches 2.2 Goods clearance using collaborative border management 3.1 Import lead times and clearance times, by region 3.2 Clearance times for containers at the Port of Radès, Tunisia, 2006–08 3.3 World Bank trade facilitation lending commitments for fiscal 2002–09, by project type 3.4 Regional breakdown of World Bank trade facilitation lending commitments for fiscal 2004–09 5.1 World Bank–World Customs Organization matrix for setting reform priorities 6.1 Facilitation-control matrix 6.2 Risk management process framework 6.3 Risk based compliance management pyramid 6.4 Enforcement pyramid 7.1 Comparing the evolution of business and technology directions at border management agencies, 1980s–2020s 7.2 High level border management technical architecture 7.3 Deployment plan for a border management agency ICT program 8.1 Business to government service: the Indonesia National Single Window 8.2 Web service: the Indonesia National Single Window 8.3 A typical national single window: The Indonesia National Single Window 9.1 Value for money assessment factors: a broader approach 10.1 Trade procedure reform cycle 10.2 Consultation at several policy levels: public-private dialogues in the reform of United Kingdom customs procedures 15.1 European Union customs domain architecture 15.2 Total movements in the New Computerised Transit System from its operation start date, with error rate as a percentage of all electronic messages sent 17.1 The sequence of international transit 17.2 The sequence of the TIR operation 18.1 Simplified compliance management pyramid 18.2 Compliance assessment and regulation model 20.1 Customs process steps in a landlocked, postconflict, fragile state 20.2 Example of overall governance surface diagram, showing corruption risk level by customs process step and category of mitigating action 20.3 Example of specific governance surface diagram for border infrastructure, showing corruption risk level by recommended mitigating action and category of mitigating action 20.4 Example of overall governance surface diagram 20.5 Example of overall governance surface diagram, showing corruption risk level after border infrastructure mitigating actions and related upstream mitigating actions are 40 percent implemented 20.6 Example of priorities for reform implementation in customs process steps, set according to corruption risk vulnerability and ease of implementation (“Gartner Magic Quadrant” chart) 20.7 Circles of influence: visualizing the governance environment of a reform project 20.8 Actions, falling under the direct control of customs and other agencies, that are needed to improve the overall governance situation for border management Tables 2.1 Key aspects of collaborative border management 3.1 Average transaction times for cross border trade, by region 3.2 Percentages of international freight forwarders reporting an “improved” or “much improved” logistics environment since 2005, by logistics area and by country quintile on the Logistics Performance Index (2010) 3.3 Typical kinds and degrees of logistics trade constraints, by country logistics performance group and area of logistics impediment 5.1 Estimating potential economic benefits from border management reform 6.1 Risk level matrix (risk level determined by likelihood and consequence) 7.1 Benefits that might be expected from a border management ICT program 7.2 Six aspects of ICT modernization: steps, typical activities, and expected outcomes 8.1 General criteria for required national single window functions 8A International single window border management implementation, by country 11.1 Attendance at the WCO’s Permanent Technical Committee meetings, 2002–06 11.2 Attendance at the WCO’s HS Committee meetings, 2004–06 11A.1 International instruments and tools for border management modernization 12.1 Key organizational change management principles 14.1 Customs unions notifications to the World Trade Organization by December 15, 2008 20.1 Example of corruption risk mapping summary for each substep in a customs process step, with corruption risk levels 20.2 Example of corruption risk mapping summary for all customs process steps, with aggregate risk levels and linkages to the customs reform program 20.3 Levels of mitigating actions needed to address vulnerabilities, by organizational category and functional dimension 20.4 Example of comprehensive risk mapping summary for all customs process steps, with mitigating actions, agencies involved, and priorities for each step 20.5 Example of impact mapping for recommended mitigating actions in a customs process substep 20.6 Example of prioritized results from an analysis of influence, corruption opportunities and risks, and governance risks, by customs process step 20.7 Example of figures simulating the results achievable by 10 high priority, indispensable customs mitigating actions 20.8 Example of a crosscutting issues summary from a GAAP for border management reform