Phase Equilibria With Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Application to the Components of a Biocatalytic Process

Description

We are living in a critical time, both for humanity and the planet, which has led us to look for more sustainable formulas to interact with the environment. One of the important changes in the design and operation of chemical processes is the search for environmentally friendly technologies. Supercritical carbon dioxide has been revealed as a promising environmentally friendly solvent that is energy efficient, selective and capable of reducing waste, making it a promising alternative to conventional organic solvents. However, reliable and versatile mathematical models of phase equilibrium thermodynamics are needed for the use of supercritical carbon dioxide in process design and viability studies. This book reviews experimental procedures for obtaining high-pressure phase equilibria data and describes the phase diagrams of binary mixtures and some thermodynamic models capable of determining the conditions of phase equilibria at high pressures. These concepts are applied to the components of the transesterification reaction of rac-2-pentanol with a vinyl ester, which is important in the pharmaceutical industry because (S)-2-pentanol can be obtained as a reaction product. This product is a key intermediate in the synthesis of drugs against Alzheimer’s disease. Cover Half Title Phase Equilibria With Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Application to the Components of a Biocatalytic Process Copyright Author Table of Contents 1. Supercritical Fluids: Properties and Applications Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Properties of supercritical fluids 3. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) 4. Applications of supercritical fluids 4.1 Extraction with supercritical fluids 4.2 Formation of particles by supercritical technology 4.2.1 Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) 4.2.2 GAS antisolvent process (GAS) 4.2.3 Supercritical antisolvent process (SAS) 4.2.4 Solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) 4.2.5 Particles from gas-saturated solutions (PGSS) 4.2.6 Particles from gas-saturated solutions drying (PGSS drying) 4.2.7 Supercritical fluid-assisted atomization (SAA) 4.3 Reactions in supercritical fluids 4.3.1 Homogeneous catalytic reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide 4.3.2 Heterogeneous catalytic reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide 4.3.3 Supercritical biocatalysis 4.3.3.1 Enzymatic reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) 4.3.3.2 scCO2/H2O biphasic systems 4.3.3.3 scCO2/ionic liquid biphasic systems 4.4 Other applications 5. Conclusions References 2. High-Pressure Fluid Phase Equilibria Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Experimental acquisition of high-pressure fluid phase equilibrium data 2.1 Analytical methods 2.2 Synthetic methods 3. Classification of the phase diagrams for binary mixtures 4. Thermodynamic modeling of high-pressure fluid phase equilibria 4.2 Mixing rules 4.1 Equations of state 5. Conclusion References 3. Application of Supercritical Phase Equilibria to the Components of the Transesterification Reaction of rac-2-Pentanol with a Vinyl Ester Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Apparatus and experimental procedure 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Experimental phase equilibrium data 3.2 Density-based models 3.3 Thermodynamic modeling 4. Conclusions References