Quantum Biology of the Eye: Understanding the Essentials

Description

As we enter the quantum era, new research on applying the rules of quantum physics to biology, which was previously considered impossible, has revolutionized our understanding and our concept of molecular and atomic particles behavior and their interactions.  This book is the first comprehensive review of the quantum biology of the visual system. Chapters discuss the relevance of quantum physics to the biological systems, especially in the visual system. The main purpose of this book is to simplify quantum biology concepts relevant to physiology of human eye and to help the reader understand the essentials of this new emerging, complex and anti-intuitive field of science. It offers a contemporary view of the emerging interplay between the biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, and molecular and atomic particle quantum characteristics such as vibration, spin etc. Quantum Biology of the Eye is an essential resource for Ophthalmologists, physicians, residents, fellows, all fields of visual science and medical students in ophthalmology, and other converging fields of science such as visual optics biochemists, psychology etc. Preface Acknowledgments Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to Quantum Physics Discussion What Is Quantum Physics? Classical Physics Versus Quantum Physics Characteristics of Quantum Physics Specific Behavior of Quantum Physics When Did It Start? What is Quantum Biology? [27] What Are Its Applications? References Chapter 2: Introduction to Quantum Biology Discussion When Did It Start? Basic Information for Better Orientation The Electron Jablonski Diagram Quantum Biology Tools Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) Centers in Diamond The Most Studied Fields of Quantum Biology Photosynthesis in Plants References Chapter 3: Classic Biology of Human Eye The Anatomy Highlights of the Eye The Physiology of the Light Absorption in the Retina The Visual Cycle The Photoreceptors, the Rod Cells, the Cone Cells, and the Ganglion Cells Activation of Rods and Cones The Retinal Pigment Epithelium The Bipolar Cell’s Function Activation of Bipolar Cells The Amacrine Cells The Horizontal Cells The Ganglion Cells Activation of Ganglion Cells Visual Phototransduction Steps More Related Interesting Articles References Chapter 4: Quantum Retina Discussions Radiation and Human Eye Rhodopsin Atomic Orbitals Molecular Orbitals Binding Orbitals Categories Energy Level Radiative Decay Non-radiative Decay Nuclear Response Carbon Lysine (C6H14N2O2) From (E) to (Z) Isomerization Isomerization Time Fractions in Isomerization of 11-cis Retinal Femto Scale Femto Chemistry of Rhodopsin References Chapter 5: Magnetoreception Earth Magnetic Field (EMF) References Chapter 6: Quantum Biology of Circadian Rhythms Important notes for clarification Discussions Clock Genes and Signal Transduction Proteins Molecular Effect List of Neurotransmitters Involved in Circadian Cycles List of Hormones Involved in Circadian Cycles Light Exposure Small Molecules and Drugs Transcriptional-Translational Feedback Loops (TTFLs) Light Entrainment Pupillary Reflexes Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) Circadian Clock Networks: Cellular Transcription-Translation Feedback Loop (TTFL) The Molecular Interplay in Circadian Cycles The Brain and Circadian Rhythms Conclusion References Chapter 7: The Quantum Biology of Consciousness and Visual Perception Recent studies on primates suggests that various visual cognitive functions exhibit slow rhythmic effects on task performance, which would be supported by low-frequency brain oscillations mainly in the 4–8 Hz frequency range. Alpha brain oscillations (8 Neurons Synaptic Connections Mitochondrion (Mitochondria = Plural) Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complexes (Fig. 7.4) Oxygen and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Radical Pair Mechanism (RPM) Singlet Oxygen: (1O2) Triplet Oxygen: (3O2) [13] Microtubules Functional Architecture of Microtubules in Neurons Quantum Biology of Microtubules Microtubules Energy Transfer Microtubules, Mitochondria ROS and Biophotons Interactions Conditions Associated with Microtubule Abnormalities Microtubule-Binding Core of the Tau Protein: Biophoton or Ultraweak Photon Emission (UPE) The Müller Cells Retinal Müller Cells as Living Optical Fibers Müller Cell Intermediate Filaments (IFs) and Quantum Mechanism of Light Energy Transfer in the Retina Tryptophan Properties of Consciousness Quantum Phenomena Quantum Coherence Quantum Superposition Quantum Tunnelling Quantum Entanglement Magnetic Field Effect and Entanglement Altered States of Consciousness Vibrational Effect The Three-Wave Processing Anesthetic Action and Quantum Consciousness Microtubules and “Orch OR” The Quantum Brain Quantum Effects in the Brain Nuclear Spin and the Brain The Posner Molecule Brain Wide Web Collective Excitation of Neurons (World Wide Web Concept) The Quantum Vision Human Perception as a Phenomenon of Quantization The Role of Symmetry in Biology and Consciousness References Addendum Quantum Biology Awareness Survey Material and Methods Index