Handbook of Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Materials III : Selection

Description

This book covers the selection of nanocomposite supercapacitor materials. It describes the most important criteria behind the selection of materials for the electrode, electrolytes, separator and current collectors, which comprise the key components of supercapacitors for advanced energy storage. It discusses the influence on each material on the unique electrochemical properties of nanocomposite supercapacitors with respect to their energy storage mechanism and stability under extreme and unpredictable conditions. Cover Springer Series in Materials Science: Volume 313 Handbook of Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Materials III : Selection Copyright Dedication Preface Contents Editor and Contributors About the Editor Contributors 1. Introduction to Supercapacitors 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Differences Between Other Energy Storage Devices and Supercapacitors 1.2 History of Supercapacitors 1.3 Faradaic and Non-faradaic Processes 1.4 Types of Supercapacitors 1.4.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) 1.4.2 Pseudocapacitors 1.4.3 Asymmetric Supercapacitors 1.4.4 Hybrid Supercapacitors 1.4.5 Quantum Supercapacitors 1.5 Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) 1.6 On-Chip Supercapacitors 1.7 Components of Supercapacitors 1.7.1 Electrodes 1.7.2 Electrolytes 1.7.3 Separators 1.7.4 Current Collectors 1.8 Electrochemical Characterization Techniques 1.8.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 1.8.2 Cyclic Voltammetry 1.8.3 Galvanostatic Charge/Discharge 1.8.4 Electrode System 1.9 Concluding Remarks References 2. Supercapacitor Devices 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Materials Used in Supercapacitors 2.3 Types of Charge Storage Mechanisms 2.4 Types of Supercapacitor Assembly 2.4.1 Symmetric Supercapacitors 2.4.2 Asymmetric Supercapacitors 2.4.3 Battery Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices 2.5 Concluding Remarks References 3. All Types of Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitors 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Flexible SCs Device Configuration 3.2.1 Current Collector 3.2.2 Electrodes 3.2.3 Electrolyte 3.3 Device Fabrication Technique 3.3.1 Pencil Drawing 3.3.2 Deposition 3.3.3 Ink-Jet Printing 3.3.4 Dip Coating 3.4 Types of Flexible SCs Device 3.4.1 Stretchable SCs Device 3.4.2 Compressible SCs Device 3.4.3 Transparent SCs Device 3.4.4 Flexible Micro-SCs Device 3.5 Various Design of FSSCs Devices 3.5.1 Sandwiched-Type Device 3.5.2 Planer-Type Device 3.5.3 Fiber-Type Device 3.6 Evaluation of Flexible Solid-State SC Device Performance 3.6.1 Cell Capacitance Measurement 3.6.2 Internal Resistance Calculation 3.6.3 Energy and Power Calculation 3.6.4 Cycle Life Test 3.7 Conclusions References 4. Conducting-Polymer-Based Supercapacitors 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Conducting Polymers and Their Characteristics 4.2.1 Polyacetylene (PA) 4.2.2 Polyaniline (PANI) 4.2.3 Polypyrrole (PPy) 4.2.4 Polythiophene (PTh) 4.2.5 Poly(Ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) 4.2.6 Other Conducting Polymers 4.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 4.3.1 Chemical Polymerization 4.3.2 Electrochemical Polymerization 4.3.3 Metathesis Process of Polymerization 4.3.4 Emulsion Polymerization 4.3.5 Inclusion Polymerization 4.3.6 Solid-State Polymerization 4.3.7 Plasma Polymerization 4.3.8 Matrix Polymerization 4.4 Electrical Properties of Conducting Polymers 4.5 Electrochemical Supercapacitor 4.5.1 Fabrication Procedures of Supercapacitors 4.5.2 Performance Characteristics and Parameters 4.6 Conducting-Polymer-Based Supercapacitor 4.6.1 PANI-Based Supercapacitors 4.6.2 PPy-Based Supercapacitor 4.6.3 PEDOT-Based Supercapacitor 4.6.4 PTh-Based Supercapacitor 4.6.5 Conducting-Polymer-Based Composites 4.7 Conclusion with Challenges and Possibilities References 5. Electrode Material Selection for Supercapacitors 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Functions of Electrodes 5.3 Characteristics Required for Electrodes 5.3.1 Conductivity 5.3.2 Porosity 5.3.3 Mechanical Strength 5.3.4 Surface Morphology 5.3.5 Wettability 5.3.6 Thermal Conductivity 5.3.7 Cycling Stability 5.3.8 Cost 5.4 Performance of Materials Used as Electrodes 5.4.1 Activated Carbon 5.4.2 CNT 5.4.3 Graphene 5.4.4 Carbon Aerogels 5.4.5 Carbon Quantum Dots 5.4.6 Carbide Derived Carbon 5.4.7 Anodized Steel 5.4.8 Metal Oxides 5.4.9 Metal Nitrides 5.4.10 Conducting Polymers 5.4.11 Composite Materials 5.5 Electrode Materials Used in Commercial Supercapacitors 5.6 Emerging Electrode Materials 5.7 Methods of Fabricating Electrodes 5.8 Electrode Material Selection 5.8.1 Objectives for Electrode Material Selection 5.8.2 Screening Using Constrains 5.8.3 Governing Equations 5.8.4 Material Index 5.8.5 List of Material Index 5.9 Concluding Remarks References 6. Separator Material Selection for Supercapacitors 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Functions of Separators 6.3 Commercial Manufacturers of Separators 6.4 Characteristics Required for Separators 6.4.1 Mechanical Strength 6.4.2 Permeability 6.4.3 Chemical Stability 6.4.4 Dimensional Stability 6.4.5 Wettability 6.4.6 Porosity 6.4.7 Thickness 6.4.8 Surface Morphology 6.5 Performance of Various Materials Used for Making Separators 6.5.1 Polymer Membrane 6.5.2 Woven Ceramic Fiber 6.5.3 Woven Glass Fiber 6.5.4 Composite Separators 6.5.5 GO Films 6.5.6 Cellulose 6.5.7 Eggshell Membrane 6.5.8 Piezoelectric Materials 6.6 Design of Separator in Supercapacitors 6.7 Separator Material Selection for Supercapacitors 6.7.1 Objectives for Selection of Separator Material 6.7.2 Screening Using Constrains 6.7.3 Governing Equations 6.7.4 Material Indexes 6.7.5 Material Property Chart 6.7.6 List of Material Indexes 6.8 Concluding Remarks References 7. Electrolyte Material Selection for Supercapacitors 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Functions of Electrolytes 7.3 Classification of Electrolytes 7.3.1 Aqueous Electrolytes 7.3.2 Organic Electrolytes 7.3.3 Ionic Liquids 7.4 Characteristics Required for Electrolytes 7.4.1 Conductivity 7.4.2 Viscosity 7.4.3 Ion Concentration 7.4.4 Electrochemical Stability 7.4.5 Thermal Stability 7.4.6 Dissociation 7.4.7 Toxicity, Volatility, and Flammability 7.4.8 Cost 7.5 Performance of Various Electrolytes 7.5.1 Organic Electrolytes 7.5.2 Aqueous Electrolytes 7.5.3 Ionic Liquid (IL) Electrolytes 7.5.4 Solid and Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 7.5.5 Redox-Active Electrolytes 7.6 Electrolytes Used in Commercial Supercapacitors 7.7 Electrolyte Material Selection for Supercapacitors 7.7.1 Performance Metrics and Relationships 7.7.2 Objectives for Selection of Electrolyte Material 7.7.3 Screening Using Constrains 7.7.4 List of Material Indexes 7.8 Concluding Remarks References 8. Current Collector Material Selection for Supercapacitors 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Components of Supercapacitors 8.2.1 Electrode Materials 8.2.2 Electrolyte Materials 8.2.3 Separators 8.2.4 Binder 8.2.5 Current Collector 8.3 Effect of Current Collector Thickness 8.4 Effect of Temperature 8.5 Effect of Electrolytes 8.6 Dimension of Current Collector 8.7 Current Collector Material Selection for Supercapacitors 8.8 Objectives for Current Collector Material Selection 8.8.1 Screening Using Constraints 8.8.2 Governing Equations 8.8.3 Material Index 8.8.4 List of Material Index 8.9 Concluding Remarks References 9. Integrated Energy Storage System 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Energy Security as a Component of National Security 9.1.2 Energy Storage and Energy Security 9.1.3 Supercapacitor and Energy Security 9.1.4 Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Energy Infrastructure 9.2 Intelligent Energy Management System 9.2.1 Intelligent Sensors Network 9.2.2 Integrated Energy Management Portal 9.3 Supercapacitor Management System 9.4 Energy Management Strategy 9.4.1 Rule-Based Control Strategy 9.4.2 Optimization-Based Control Strategy 9.4.3 Artificial Intelligence-Based Control Strategy 9.5 Concluding Remarks References 10. Global Trends in Supercapacitors 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Key Global Players in the Supercapacitor Market 10.2.1 Kamcap 10.2.2 Skeleton Technologies 10.2.3 SPSCAP 10.2.4 Yunasko 10.2.5 Ioxus 10.2.6 LS Ultracapacitor 10.2.7 VINATech 10.2.8 Eaton Corporation 10.2.9 Maxwell Technologies 10.2.10 Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation 10.2.11 CAP-XX 10.2.12 Murata Manufacturing 10.2.13 AVX Corporation 10.2.14 Nichicon Corporation 10.2.15 KEMET Corporation 10.2.16 Elna 10.3 Concluding Remarks References 11. Applications of Supercapacitors 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Application of Supercapacitors 11.2.1 Automotive/Transportation 11.2.2 Energy and Utilities 11.2.3 Electronics 11.2.4 Industrial 11.2.5 Aerospace and Defense 11.2.6 Medical 11.3 Conclusions References Index