Herbal Medicines: A Boon for Healthy Human Life

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Herbal Medicines: A Boon for Healthy Human Life provides a comprehensive overview of the role of herbal medicines for treating a broad variety of human diseases, from neurological disorders to cancer and major disorders such as infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and more. Each chapter summarizes the current state and future direction of the use of herbal medicines against multiple diseases from a translational point-of-view, making this reference a valuable source of information for a large audience, including researchers and healthcare providers interested in the field of herbal remedies. Front cover Half title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Contributors About the editor Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Part 1 Neurological disorders Chapter 1 Herbal drugs an alternative medicine for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: Preclinical and clinical trial review 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Herbal drugs formulations in preclinical trials 1.2.1 Effect of herbal drugs on Alzheimer’s disease 1.2.2 Preclinical trials of herbal drugs in Parkinson’s disease 1.2.3 Herbal drugs formulations in clinical trials 1.2.4 Clinical trials on herbal drugs in Parkinson’s disease 1.3 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Review on correlations between depression and nutritional status of elderly patients 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Correlations between depression and nutritional status of elderly patients 2.3 Nutritional status of the elderly patients 2.3.1 Nutrients for the prevention of depressive disorders in the elderly people 2.4 Summary References Chapter 3 Herbal remedies against Huntington's disease: Preclinical evidences and future directions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Anti-HD activity of crude/semi-purified plant fractions/extract 3.2.1 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Plantaginaceae) 3.2.2 Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) 3.2.3 Celastrus paniculatus Wild. (Celastraceae) 3.2.4 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (Apiaceae) 3.2.5 Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (Convulvulaceae) 3.2.6 Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) 3.2.7 Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) 3.2.8 Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) 3.2.9 Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) 3.2.10 Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) 3.2.11 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (Araliaceae) 3.2.12 Psoralea corylifolia L. (Fabaceae) 3.2.13 Withania somnifera L. (Dunal) (Solanaceae) 3.3 Anti-HD activity of plant derived natural compounds 3.3.1 α-Mangostin 3.3.2 Astragalan 3.3.3 Cannabidiol 3.3.4 Cannabigerol 3.3.5 Celastrol 3.3.6 Curcumin 3.3.7 (-)- epigallocatechin-gallate 3.3.8 Fisetin 3.3.9 Galantamine 3.3.10 Ginsenosides 3.3.11 Hesperidin 3.3.12 Kaempferol 3.3.13 Lutein 3.3.14 Lycopene 3.3.15 Melatonin 3.3.16 Naringin 3.3.17 Nicotine 3.3.18 Onjisaponin B 3.3.19 Quercetin 3.3.20 Resveratrol 3.3.21 S-allylcysteine 3.3.22 (-)schisandrin B 3.3.23 Sesamol 3.3.24 Sulforaphane 3.3.25 Trehalose 3.3.26 Vanillin 3.3.27 Zeatin riboside 3.4 Anti-HD activity of herbal formulations 3.5 Discussion 3.6 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Alternate medicinal approach for the treatment of depression/mood disorder 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Role of herbal medicine in depression/mood disorder 4.3 Conclusion References Part 2 Oral health Chapter 5 Herbal medicines: A boon for healthy human life 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Plant products and their benefits 5.1.2 Impact on oral health 5.1.3 Pathways related to boosting immunity 5.2 Therapeutic use of plant products on oral diseases 5.2.1 Caries and gingivitis 5.2.2 Denture stomatitis and candidiasis 5.2.3 Periodontal diseases 5.2.4 Endodontic infection and wound healing 5.3 Molecular mechanisms of action of natural products against oral pathogens 5.4 Plant products and immunity boosting 5.4.1 Antioxidative functions 5.4.2 Activation of anti-inflammatory pathways 5.4.3 Inhibition of cytokine secretions and nuclear factor-κB 5.4.4 Impact of proliferation of immune cells 5.4.5 Skewing of immune cell differentiation 5.5 Routinely used immune modulating plant products 5.6 Conclusions and future perspectives References Part 3 Metabolic disorders and overall health Chapter 6 Herbal medicines for the treatment of metabolic syndrome 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome 6.3 Pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome 6.4 Visceral adiposity 6.5 Insulin resistance 6.6 Inflammation 6.7 Current modern therapies for metabolic syndrome 6.7.1 Limitation of current modern therapies 6.7.2 Herbal medicines 6.7.3 FDA requirement for the use of herbal medicines 6.7.4 Herbal medicines for metabolic syndrome 6.8 Possible mechanism/s underlying the protective effects of herbal medicines in metabolic syndrome 6.9 Efficacy in clinical trials 6.10 Limitations of herbal medicines 6.11 Modern approaches to investigate for the molecular mechanisms of herbal medicines References Chapter 7 Pharmacological importance of the active molecule “guggulsterone” in overall human health 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Therapeutic effects of guggulsterone 7.2.1 Hypolipidemic activity 7.2.2 Antidiabetic 7.2.3 Antioxidant 7.2.4 Cardioprotective benefits 7.2.5 Anti-inflammatory 7.2.6 Arthritis 7.2.7 Gastroprotective 7.2.8 Anticancer effects 7.2.9 Pancreatitis 7.2.10 Renal protective effects 7.3 Conclusion and future perspectives References Chapter 8 Herbal medicines for diabetes: Insights and recent advancement 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Herbal medicines of diabetes 8.3 Traditional herbal antidiabetic drugs 8.3.1 Allium sativum 8.3.2 Aloe borbadensis 8.3.3 Azadirachta indica 8.3.4 Brassica juncea 8.3.5 Carica papaya 8.3.6 Catharanthus roseus 8.3.7 Coriandrum sativum 8.3.8 Eugenia jambolana 8.3.9 Gymnema sylvestre 8.3.10 Mangifera indica 8.3.11 Momordica charantia 8.3.12 Ocimum sanctum 8.3.13 Tinospora cardifolia 8.4 Herbal marketed formulations of diabetes mellitus 8.4.1 Aegle marmelos 8.4.2 Allium cepa 8.5 Recent advancement in herbal medicines of diabetes 8.5.1 Curcumin 8.5.2 Catechins 8.5.3 Ginsenosides 8.5.4 Gingerols 8.5.5 Stevosides 8.5.6 Berberine 8.5.7 Capsaicin 8.6 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Diabetes -- a metabolic disorder: Herbal medicines on rescue 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Herbal plants as a remedy for diabetes (Fig. 9.1) 9.3 Herbal plants exhibiting multiple mode of action in management of diabetes (Fig. 9.2) 9.3.1 Gymnema sylvestre (gurmar) 9.3.2 Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) 9.3.3 Allium sativum (garlic) 9.3.4 Momordica charantia (bitter melon) 9.3.5 Aloe barbadensis (aloe vera) 9.3.6 Panex quiquefolius (ginseng) 9.3.7 Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) 9.3.8 Allium cepa (Onion) 9.3.9 Camellia sinensis (Green tea) 9.3.10 Nigella sativa (Black seed) 9.4 Conclusions References Chapter 10 Rheumatoid arthritis and alternative medicine 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Medicinal herbs in arthritis 10.2.1 Withania Somnifera (ashwagandha) 10.2.2 Calotropis procera (Ait, Arka) 10.2.3 Butea frondosa (Palash) 10.2.4 Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) 10.2.5 Pongamia pinnata (kanji) 10.2.6 Azadirachta indica (neem) 10.2.7 Camellia sinensis (green tea) 10.2.8 Uncaria tomentosa, Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw) 10.2.9 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F 10.2.10 Curcuma longa (turmeric) 10.2.11 Colchicum autumnale (Saffron) 10.2.12 Boswellia sacra (gum resin) 10.2.13 Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) 10.2.14 Capsicum frutescens (pepper) 10.2.15 Arnica Montana (Arnica) 10.3 Herbal marketed formulations for rheumatoid arthritis 10.4 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Traditional nutritional and health practices to tackle the lifestyle diseases 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Impact of lifestyle on an individual's health 11.3 Lifestyle diseases: an emerging epidemic which needs urgent attention 11.3.1 Cardiovascular diseases 11.3.2 Diabetes 11.3.3 Cancer 11.3.4 Chronic respiratory diseases 11.3.5 Polycystic ovarian disorder 11.4 Occupational lifestyle diseases 11.4.1 Obesity 11.4.2 Deformities caused due to poor body posture 11.4.3 Depression 11.5 Lifestyle affecting pregnancy and lactation 11.6 Infertility 11.7 Ways to treat lifestyle disorders 11.7.1 Ayurveda dietetics - a healthy outside, starts from healthy inside 11.7.2 Yoga: a solution to lifestyle diseases 11.7.3 Pranayam for respiratory disorders 11.7.4 Meditation and stress 11.8 Conclusion References Chapter 12 Ethnic foods and concentrates: Its role in health protection 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Ethnic foods 12.2 Classification of ethnic food 12.3 Traditional and folkloric ethnic foods of different provinces of world 12.4 Religious ethnic foods 12.5 Role of spices in ethnic food 12.6 Food concentrates 12.7 Advantage and disadvantage of ethnic food 12.8 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Chapter 13 Role of natural products as therapeutic option against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Underlying molecular mechanisms in natural product based therapeutic strategy against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 13.3 Natural bioactive compounds against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 13.3.1 Curcumin 13.3.2 Resveratrol 13.3.3 Berberine 13.3.4 Cinnamon 13.3.5 Garlic 13.3.6 Silyamarin 13.3.7 Green tea 13.3.8 Flaxseeds 13.3.9 Licorice 13.3.10 Bayberry 13.3.11 Ampelopsin 13.4 Conclusion Acknowledgements Conflict of interest References Part 4 Skin disorders Chapter 14 Herbal medicines and skin disorders 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Psoriasis 14.3 Atopic dermatitis 14.4 Acne 14.5 Nonmelanoma skin cancers 14.6 Melanoma 14.7 Dermatophytosis 14.8 Herbal medicines in skin disorders 14.9 Herbal medicines in psoriasis 14.10 Herbal medicines in atopic dermatitis 14.11 Herbal medicines in acne 14.12 Herbal medicines in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers 14.13 Herbal medicines in dermatophytosis 14.14 Conclusion References Chapter 15 Herbal medicine and common dermatologic diseases 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Acne and herbal medicine 15.2.1 Tea tree oil 15.2.2 Witch hazel 15.2.3 Lactobacillus fermented Chamaecyparis Obtusa leaf (LFCO) extract 15.2.4 Copaiba oil resin 15.2.5 Sandalwood album oil 15.2.6 Rosemary extract 15.2.7 Jeju essential oil 15.2.8 Korean citrus 15.3 Atopic dermatitis and herbal medicine 15.3.1 Chinese herbal medicine 15.3.2 Korean medicine 15.3.3 Coconut oil 15.3.4 Olive oil 15.3.5 Sunflower seed oil 15.3.6 Honey 15.4 Psoriasis and herbal medicine 15.4.1 Aloe vera 15.4.2 Angelica sinensis 15.4.3 Capsicum annuum 15.4.4 Gotu kola 15.4.5 Day blooming jasmine 15.4.6 Turmeric 15.4.7 American wintergreen 15.4.8 Oregon grape 15.4.9 Chamomile 15.4.10 Psorospermum febrifugum 15.4.11 Milk thistle 15.5 Conclusion References Chapter 16 Role of herbal products as therapeutic agents against ultraviolet radiation-induced skin disorders 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Herbs and phtoprotection 16.3 Plant bioactive molecules 16.3.1 Silymarin 16.3.2 Tea polyphenoids 16.3.3 Genistein 16.3.4 Resveratrol 16.3.5 Caffeic acid 16.3.6 Tannin 16.3.7 Quercetin 16.3.8 Apigenin 16.3.9 Curcumin 16.3.10 Kaempferol 16.3.11 Vitamin E 16.3.12 Vitamin C 16.3.13 Trigonelline 16.3.14 Glycyrrhizic acid 16.4 Plant extracts 16.4.1 Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) 16.4.2 Grape seed extract (GSE) 16.4.3 Prunus persica flower extract 16.4.4 Aloe vera 16.4.5 Walnut 16.4.6 Orange 16.4.7 Ginseng 16.4.8 Soybean extract 16.4.9 Neem extract Acknowledgements References Chapter 17 On bioactive compounds and the endophyte community in medicinal plants: Bioprocessing nature's abundance for skin disorder treatment 17.1 Skin overview 17.1.1 Synthetic versus natural cosmetics and cosmeceuticals 17.1.2 Role of medicinal plants in skin health, medicine, biotherapeutics 17.1.3 Plant-endophyte relationship 17.1.4 Bioprospecting endophytes for identification of useful metabolites 17.1.5 Bioprocess strategies for enhanced metabolite production by endophytes 17.1.6 Conclusion and future directions Acknowledgements Conflict of interest References Part 5 Reproductive disorders Chapter 18 Future of herbal medicines in assisted reproduction 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Men/male associated infertility and the herbal interventions 18.3 Women/female-associated infertility and herbal interventions 18.4 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Chapter 19 Herbal medicine to cure male reproductive dysfunction 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Herbal medicines 19.3 Male reproductive disorder 19.3.1 Cryptorchidism 19.3.2 Orchitis 19.3.3 Epididymitis 19.3.4 Epididymo-orchitis 19.3.5 Prostatitis 19.3.6 Erectile dysfunction 19.3.7 Hydrocele 19.3.8 Varicocele 19.3.9 Testicular torsion 19.3.10 Balanitis and balanoposthitis 19.4 Conclusion Conflict of interest Acknowledgment References Chapter 20 Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Causes and therapies by herbal medicine 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Pathophysiology 20.2.1 Biosynthesis of steroid hormone 20.2.2 Insulin sensitivity 20.2.3 Endocrine alteration 20.3 Genetic and epigenetic basis of polycystic ovarian syndrome 20.4 Therapeutic approaches 20.5 Alternative medicines 20.5.1 Chinese Herbal Medicines \(CHM\) 20.5.2 Aloe vera gel 20.5.3 Ginger 20.5.4 Chamomile 20.5.5 Cinnamon 20.5.6 Fenugreek 20.5.7 Ayurvedic formulations 20.5.8 Herbal mixtures 20.6 Concluding remarks References Part 6 Infectious diseases Chapter 21 Emerging natural product based alternative therapeutics for tuberculosis 21.1 Introduction: Recent directions in the therapeutics for tuberculosis and underlying challenges 21.2 Recent development in natural product based alternative tuberculosis therapeutic options 21.3 Candidate natural products and their derivatives for alternative tuberculosis therapy 21.3.1 Griselimycin 21.3.2 Ecumicin 21.3.3 Clofazimine and its derivatives 21.3.4 Piperine and derivatives 21.3.5 Rifapentine 21.3.6 Teixobactin 21.3.7 Sansanmycins 21.3.8 Cyclomarin A and derivatives 21.3.9 Lariatins/lassomycins 21.3.10 Trichoderins References Chapter 22 Unraveling of inhibitory potential of phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2 using in-silico approach 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Overview of SARS-CoV-2 structure and infection 22.3 COVID-19 vaccines v/s anti-SARS-Cov-2 phytochemicals 22.4 Molecular docking and simulations 22.5 Screening of potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 phytochemicals using in-silico approach 22.6 Conclusion Contribution Acknowledgment References Chapter 23 Ethnopharmacological reports on herbs used in the management of tuberculosis 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Rationale behind herbal treatment over regular treatment 23.2.1 Sutherlandia frutescens 23.2.2 Allium sativum 23.2.3 Citrullus colocynthis 23.2.4 Artemisia capillaries 23.2.5 Kaempfera galanga 23.2.6 Acalypha indica 23.2.7 Adhatoda vesica 23.2.8 Allium cepa 23.2.9 Aloe vera 23.2.10 Eclipta alba 23.2.11 Withania somnifera 23.2.12 Carum carvi 23.2.13 Curcuma longa 23.2.14 Phyllanthus emblica 23.2.15 Cuminum cyminum 23.2.16 Camellia sinensis 23.2.17 Centella asiatica 23.2.18 Zingiber officinale 23.2.19 Panax ginseng 23.2.20 Piper sarmentosum Roxb 23.2.21 Tulbaghia violacea 23.2.22 Allophylus edulis 23.2.23 Euadenia eminens 23.2.24 Spirulina 23.2.25 Ocimum sanctum 23.2.26 Astragalus 23.2.27 Glycyrrhiza glabra 23.2.28 Rhodiola rosea 23.2.29 Boerhaavia diffusa 23.2.30 Vitis vinifera (Grape seed) 23.2.31 Rhodiola heterodonta 23.2.32 Andrographis paniculata 23.3 Conclusion References Part 7 Cardiovascular disorders Chapter 24 Cardiovascular disorders and herbal medicines in India 24.1 Introduction 24.1.1 Cardiovascular disease study and herbal medicines 24.2 Cardiovascular disease and disorders 24.2.1 Coronary heart disease 24.2.2 Peripheral artery disease 24.2.3 Cerebrovascular disease 24.2.4 Rheumatic heart disease 24.2.5 Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism 24.2.6 Congenital heart disease 24.2.7 Arrhythmias 24.2.8 Atherosclerosis 24.3 Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease 24.3.1 Existing or traditional (conventional) risk factors for cardiovascular disease 24.3.2 Emerging risk factors for cardiovascular disease 24.4 Herbal treatment 24.5 Indian medicinal plants (used for cardiovascular disease management) 24.6 Medicinal plants and cardiovascular disease 24.6.1 Garlic 24.6.2 Arjuna 24.6.3 Onion 24.6.4 Amla 24.6.5 Nardostachys jatamansi 24.6.6 Ashwagandha 24.6.7 Ginger 24.6.8 Guggul 24.6.9 Gokshura 24.6.10 Triphala (a combination of three herbs) 24.7 Conclusions References Part 8 Cancer Chapter 25 Targeting metabolism with herbal therapy: A preventative approach toward cancer 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Major targets of metabolic reprogramming in malignant cells 25.2.1 Glucose metabolism 25.2.2 Lactate metabolism 25.2.3 Pentose phosphate pathway or hexose monophosphate shunt 25.2.4 Tricarboxylic acid cycle 25.2.5 Amino acid metabolism 25.2.6 Lipid metabolism 25.3 Herbal compounds in modulating cancer metabolic reprogramming 25.3.1 Phenolic compounds in targeting cancer metabolism 25.3.2 Isoprenoids in targeting cancer metabolism 25.3.3 Alkaloids in targeting cancer metabolism 25.4 Clinical studies on the use of herbal compounds in cancer management 25.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment Conflict of interest References Chapter 26 An introduction to herbal medicines and palliative care of cancer patients and related diseases through times in Turkey 26.1 Introduction 26.2 The pattern of prescribing medicines through time 26.3 Some important physicians during the Arab period 26.4 Turkish medical systems in Anatolia 26.5 Hospitals and teaching of medicine 26.6 Post World War I period and democracy 26.7 Palliative care system 26.8 The general and oncologists approaches 26.9 Concern about erosion of ethnomedicinal knowledge about plants 26.10 Need of documentation with mutidisciplinery approach 26.11 Therapeutic value 26.12 Conclusions References Chapter 27 Effects of Amygdalin on prostate cancer 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Materials and methods 27.2.1 Materials 27.2.2 Methods 27.2.3 Results 27.3 Discussion References Chapter 28 Protective effects of plant-derived natural products against hepatocellular carcinoma 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Oxidative stress and capturing it to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma 28.2.1 Sulforaphane 28.2.2 Green tea 28.2.3 Zingiber officinale 28.2.4 Lycium barbarum 28.3 Apoptosis and antiapoptotic treatment to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma 28.3.1 Andrographis paniculata 28.3.2 Artemisia capillaris 28.3.3 Berberine 28.4 Inflammation and anti-inflammatory herbal drugs to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma development 28.4.1 Alpinia officinarum 28.5 Hepatitis B, C infection and treatment to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma development 28.5.1 Glycyrrhiza glabra 28.6 Cytotoxic agents, apoptosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma 28.6.1 Illicium verum 28.6.2 Nigella sativa 28.7 Other herbal management 28.7.1 Compound Astragalus and Salvia miltiorrhiza extract (CASE) 28.7.2 Chinese herbal medicines 28.8 Conclusions and future perspectives Conflict of interest Acknowledgment References Chapter 29 Herbal medicines and bladder cancer 29.1 Bladder cancer 29.2 Therapeutic advances in bladder cancer 29.3 Complementary and alternative medicine for bladder cancer 29.4 Korean medicine against bladder cancer 29.5 Case reports of urothelial bladder cancer patients treated with Korean medicine 29.6 Chinese herbal therapy for bladder cancer 29.7 Frankincense oil in bladder cancer treatment 29.8 Other herbal remedies used in bladder cancer treatment References Chapter 30 Mixed effects and mechanisms of cannabinoids for triple-negative breast cancer treatment 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Classification of breast cancer 30.3 Triple-negative breast cancer 30.4 Marijuanna-derived compounds 30.5 Cannabinoid receptors 30.6 Anticancer effects of cannabinoids in triple-negative breast cancer 30.7 Cellular mechanisms of anticancer effects of cannabinoids 30.8 Molecular mechanisms of cannabinoids 30.8.1 Modulation of receptor expression by synthetic cannabinoids 30.8.2 Modulation of downstream signaling of EGFR and cannabinoid receptors 30.9 Mixed actions of cannabinoids in other cancer types References Part 9 Concern Chapter 31 A sound comprehension of molecular biology and relevant biotechnology is a prerequisite for research on the molecular mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine, mainly medicinal herbs 31.1 Introduction 31.2 There are unsolved problems in translation of traditional Chinese medicine theory into the western medicine language 31.3 One gene has many RNA and protein products 31.4 Most published traditional Chinese medicine studies do not address the issue of RNA or protein multiplicity 31.5 Many traditional Chinese medicine studies do not consider technical pitfalls in common methods for DNA and RNA analyses 31.6 Signaling transduction networking is even more intricate and its studies are more problematic 31.7 Traditional Chinese medicine professionals have an innate disadvantage in translating traditional Chinese medicine theory into the western medicine language 31.8 How should the above mentioned constraints be vanquished to advance traditional Chinese medicine? 31.9 Conclusions References Index Back cover